Review or synthesis
Broader ornamental-shrimp review
Holroyd et al., 2026. Conservation Physiology 14(1): coag046.
Source taxon as published: Tropical ornamental shrimp, including Neocaridina literature
Study shape: Published physiology, trade and transport evidence was synthesized and major gaps were identified.
Experimental unit: Published source, not a new animal experiment
Environment: Review of aquarium trade and transport evidence
Endpoints: temperature evidence, oxygen evidence, carbonate chemistry, nitrogen waste, health assessment.
What it can support: The review maps major species-specific evidence gaps and relevant transport stressors.
What it cannot support: It does not validate a drip rate, package, forecast gate, water target or treatment for Neocaridina.
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System observation or method study
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Pierre, Kotani and Irabor, 2025. Crustacean Research 54: 19-33.
Source taxon as published: Cultured Neocaridina denticulata from Kagoshima University; identification method not reported
Study shape: Offspring from 25 similarly staged ovigerous females were pooled in one tank after the females were removed. Cross-sectional samples were measured at four known-age checkpoints; whole animals were homogenized in ten-animal pools for amylase, lipase and protease assays, and three 60-day juveniles plus three animals described as adults were sectioned for histology.
Experimental unit: Individual for destructive cross-sectional length and wet mass; ten-animal whole-body pool with three pools per enzyme checkpoint; individual section for three juvenile and three adult histology samples; every juvenile sample shared one rearing tank
Environment: One pooled juvenile rearing tank with hornwort, filtration, aeration, twice-daily 51 percent crude-protein feed and weekly 30 percent water replacement; recorded temperature 16.9 to 19.1 C
Endpoints: total body length, wet mass, daily temperature, pH, ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and dissolved oxygen, whole-body amylase, lipase and protease specific activity, general histological structure and organ dimensions.
What it can support: In the one pooled cohort, reported mean total length rose from 2.85 mm at day 15 to 4.67, 7.84 and 12.58 mm at days 30, 45 and 60, while mean wet mass rose from 1 to 8, 17 and 39 mg. The whole-body pools detected amylase, lipase and protease activity, with reported protease activity increasing across the four juvenile checkpoints.
What it cannot support: Age, sampling date and changing culture history were confounded, with no parallel age-matched control or replicate rearing tank. The destructive cross-sectional samples did not follow the same individuals, family contributions and starting denominator were unknown, survival was not reported and feed amount or intake was not measured. Temperature was observed rather than assigned, so normal-looking growth cannot establish cold tolerance, an optimum or absence of adverse effects. The pH and nitrogen values varied and their exact analytical reporting bases were incomplete. Whole-body homogenates do not isolate digestive tissue, and three pools from one tank do not independently replicate an age effect. The Brunner-Munzel comparison plan, exact p-values, multiplicity handling and figure error bars were not fully reported. The three-per-stage histology comparison cannot establish isometric growth. Animals described as adults were also said to come from the breeding tank, so age and cohort identity are unclear; a 75-day label does not establish reproductive maturity. The study tested no diet, protein level, feeding frequency, digestibility, long-term health or lifespan outcome and cannot prescribe stage-specific food.
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System observation or method study
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Zhang et al., 2024. ScienceAsia 50(2): 2024043.
Source taxon as published: Aquarium-market animals printed as Neocaridina denticulata in the title and methods and as Neocaridina denticulata sinensis in parts of the results and discussion; no host diagnostic method or voucher was reported
Study shape: The authors reported 3,000 acclimated animals and destructive sampling of 150 shrimp every six hours. Sixty hepatopancreases per time were intended for three separate tubes of 20, but the sequence tables and heatmap contain only ten RNA-seq libraries distributed 2, 3, 3 and 2 across 06:00, 12:00, 18:00 and 24:00. De novo transcript assembly, pairwise differential-expression screening, annotation enrichment and qRT-PCR for Clk, Cry, Per and Tim were performed.
Experimental unit: The pooled RNA-seq library for transcript comparisons, with unequal 2, 3, 3 and 2 libraries across the four times and no explanation for the two missing intended libraries. The qRT-PCR unit is unresolved because the methods report three groups per time and five biological replicates per group while the figure displays three points per time.
Environment: Market-sourced shrimp acclimated for two weeks in recirculating tap water under a reported 12-hour light and 12-hour dark cycle at a natural daily temperature range of approximately 10 to 18 C, then sampled at 06:00, 12:00, 18:00 and 24:00 after feed had been withheld for at least 48 hours
Endpoints: de novo transcriptome assembly and database annotation, pairwise differential-expression counts, GO and KEGG enrichment labels, putative clock-related transcript annotation, qRT-PCR expression of Clk, Cry, Per and Tim.
What it can support: The study detected hepatopancreas transcripts annotated as Per, Tim, Clk, Cyc, Cry and 5-HT-related sequences and reported time-associated RNA profiles under its combined light, temperature and fasting history. The smallest reported pairwise contrast was 282 differentially expressed unigenes between 06:00 and 24:00. Among the four qRT-PCR targets, only Clk was reported as significantly different across sampling times.
What it cannot support: Sampling time changed together with light state, natural temperature and elapsed fasting history. There was no constant-temperature group, shifted photoperiod, constant-darkness condition, feeding-time treatment, repeated 24-hour cycle or time-randomized cohort, so the design cannot isolate an endogenous circadian rhythm, light effect, temperature effect or feeding-time effect. Tank number, volume, density, allocation, water chemistry, food formula and exact last-feeding time were omitted. The written tissue-pooling method is internally unclear, two of twelve intended sequencing libraries are unexplained and the qRT-PCR denominator conflicts with its figure. Differential-expression screening used raw p less than 0.05 and an absolute log2 fold-change threshold above 1 without a stated false-discovery correction; enrichment methods and cutoffs were incompletely reported. The 12:00 versus 18:00 total is printed as 983, while its 588-up and 350-down components total 938. Putative clock transcripts were assigned by sequence similarity without targeted sequence validation or a functional assay. qRT-PCR reused the transcriptomic sample set, reported one reference gene without efficiency or stability validation and does not provide independent replication. Pathway labels are not measured food intake, digestion, glucose, chitin turnover, molting, immunity, growth or health. The work does not establish a best feeding hour, night-feeding rule, light schedule, fasting schedule, temperature cause or home-care intervention.
Related source material: Official open article and supplement PDF, NCBI BioProject PRJNA832034
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Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Tomas et al., 2021. Acta Zoologica 102(3): 297-309.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: Reproductive, pigmentation and biochemical outcomes were compared across three assigned temperatures.
Experimental unit: Temperature treatment aquarium
Environment: Laboratory aquaria at 20, 24 and 28 C
Endpoints: survival, ovarian maturation, ovigerous females, weight, colour, spermatophore quality.
What it can support: Lower temperature delayed ovarian maturation in this protocol while survival remained above 90 percent in every treatment.
What it cannot support: It does not make every temperature in the tested range equivalent or establish chronic survival outside the study duration.
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Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Baliña et al., 2018. The Biological Bulletin 234(3): 139-151.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: Juveniles were assigned to 28 or 33 C, and part of the warm group was later transferred to 28 C.
Experimental unit: Temperature treatment aquarium
Environment: Laboratory culture at 28 or 33 C for up to 200 days
Endpoints: ovarian maturation, spawning, recovery after transfer.
What it can support: The tested 33 C treatment suppressed ovarian maturation and spawning, and transferred females later resumed reproductive development.
What it cannot support: This was not an acute lethal test and does not define a safe interval, home heater setting or lifetime boundary.
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Field observation
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Jablonska et al., 2018. Knowledge and Management of Aquatic Ecosystems 419: 14.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi identified by morphology and a 610-base-pair COI fragment
Study shape: Qualitative hydrobiological hand-net samples collected field shrimp in July 2003, November 2013 and June 2017. Morphology was compared with published descriptions. COI sequences from field and amateur-aquarium animals were aligned with five Taiwan and Hawaii reference sequences, assigned to haplotypes and placed in a neighbour-joining tree.
Experimental unit: Collected animal nested within three field collection events and one aquarium comparison source. Only June 2017 reports standardized effort: one square metre sampled for approximately 15 minutes. The 2003 formaldehyde-preserved sample was unavailable for COI analysis.
Environment: A roughly 4.5 km artificial canal connected to the lower River Oder near Gryfino, Poland, receiving heated Dolna Odra Power Station cooling water, with fine sand and mud substrate, partial concrete banks and submerged vegetation
Endpoints: field occurrence by year, sex and ovigerous status, body length and diagnostic morphology, 610-base-pair COI sequence, haplotype assignment, neighbour-joining placement.
What it can support: Fifteen field shrimp were found in three positive collection years spanning 2003 to 2017, including one ovigerous female in November 2013. Morphology and seven field COI accessions supported N. davidi identity. The seven field and six amateur-aquarium sequences generated by the study shared one COI haplotype, supporting close mitochondrial similarity within that comparison.
What it cannot support: The three positive years were not continuous monitoring, and qualitative sampling with mostly unreported effort cannot estimate abundance, density, occupancy, population trend or detection probability. One ovigerous female supports reproductive condition, not observed hatching, recruitment or proof that local reproduction maintained the records. The authors explicitly retained repeated yearly introductions as an alternative. The canal was artificially heated; the paper reports 27 to 29 C in June-July and 15 C in November but no winter minimum, winter sample, thermal time series or comparison site. It cannot establish cold tolerance, winter survival, a home temperature range or a 27 to 28 C breeding optimum. A shared short mitochondrial haplotype does not trace an aquarium source, seller, release event, nuclear ancestry or transfer direction. The study measured no survival, growth, water chemistry beyond temperature, ecological impact, pathogen transfer or control outcome. Failure to find a threat is not proof of no impact, and field occurrence never makes release safe.
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Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Serezli et al., 2017. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 26(12): 7575-7579.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: Three aquaria per temperature were maintained for 180 days and the paper reports sex classification of 30 offspring from each temperature group.
Experimental unit: Aquarium for the temperature treatment, with three aquaria per temperature
Environment: Nine laboratory aquaria assigned across 20, 23 and 26 C for 180 days
Endpoints: reported offspring sex ratio, survival.
What it can support: The study reported different offspring sex proportions among its three temperature groups.
What it cannot support: Limited reporting, a small tank design and conflict with another direct study make this a replication target, not a sex-production recipe.
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Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Tropea, Stumpf and López Greco, 2015. PLOS ONE 10(3): e0119468.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina heteropoda heteropoda
Study shape: Egg incubation and 90-day juvenile culture were compared across three assigned temperatures.
Experimental unit: Brood or aquarium treatment unit, depending on endpoint
Environment: Laboratory aquaria at 24, 28 and 32 C
Endpoints: incubation duration, hatchlings per female, growth, survival, ovigerous females.
What it can support: Temperature changed incubation time and the shape of early growth and reproduction under the tested conditions.
What it cannot support: It did not establish a universal ideal temperature, a lifetime effect, a lethal limit or a rule that warmer always means better growth.
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Morphology or taxonomy
Adjacent biological evidence
Cai and Ng, 1999. Journal of Natural History 33(11): 1603-1638.
Source taxon as published: Caridina serrata species group, including Lam Tsuen material previously reported as Neocaridina serrata
Study shape: Published descriptions, neotypes and re-examined material were compared using rostral formula, stylocerite, pereiopod, pleopod and other morphological characters across the Caridina serrata group.
Experimental unit: Examined specimen and collection lot; the Lam Tsuen conclusion used later material from the same river population, including Dudgeon-collected lots, rather than a reported re-examination of every animal sampled for the 1985 population study
Environment: Museum and field-collected freshwater shrimp material from southern China, including Lam Tsuen River and other Hong Kong localities
Endpoints: taxonomic diagnosis, genus placement, species reassignment, morphological distinction, locality record.
What it can support: The Lam Tsuen population published by Dudgeon in 1985 and 1987 as Neocaridina serrata was reassigned to Caridina cantonensis. The revision also concluded that neither C. cantonensis nor C. serrata belongs in Neocaridina because the distal half of the male first pleopod lacks the Neocaridina condition.
What it cannot support: The revision does not make every aquarium animal sold as C. cantonensis taxonomically verified, resolve all later Caridina species-group relationships or convert Dudgeon field results into captive care guidance. It did not re-run the 1985 population study, and its reassignment does not establish temperature, lifespan, maturity, clutch or abundance rules for N. davidi.
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