Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Antcliffe et al., 2026. Royal Society Open Science 13(3): 251712.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi, with Palaemon varians as a marine comparison
Study shape: Oxygen saturation was followed for mostly 48 hours in open and closed carcass containers with carcass-free controls. A separate group of freshwater carcasses was scored daily for ten days for internal and external post-mortem change.
Experimental unit: Individual adult carcass in one container: three open and five closed freshwater oxygen containers; controls were carcass-free containers but their per-condition allocation was not clearly reported. A separate 12-carcass freshwater sequence supplied daily morphology scores.
Environment: Individual euthanized adult carcasses in 20 mL closed or 100 mL open reverse-osmosis deionized freshwater at 21 C, plus a separate open-water anatomical decay sequence
Endpoints: oxygen saturation near or around the carcass, hourly oxygen change, post-mortem internal and external morphology scores.
What it can support: In the tested 20 mL closed freshwater vials, a single adult N. davidi carcass drove oxygen saturation to complete drawdown within about one day. Open 100 mL freshwater bottles remained above full anoxia but every carcass run became at least dysoxic by 48 hours. Separate daily scoring showed rapid internal tissue opacity before major external collapse.
What it cannot support: The one-carcass-per-20-or-100-mL reverse-osmosis-water systems had no filter, substrate, plants, aeration, scavengers or living tankmates and cannot be scaled to a home aquarium, a tank-wide oxygen prediction or a removal deadline. Oxygen was reported as percent saturation and measured locally or in the tiny vial, not as aquarium mg/L. Freshwater oxygen groups were small, with three open and five closed containers, control allocation was unclear, oxygen and anatomy sequences used different euthanasia methods, and the work did not measure disease transmission, tankmate outcomes or cause of death. Clove oil and magnesium chloride methods are not home euthanasia protocols.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/anatomy, /care/filtration, /care/health, /care/algae
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Neocaridina identity evidence
Bai et al., 2026. BMC Genomics 27: 535.
Source taxon as published: Purchased red, yellow and blue Neocaridina denticulata strains without reported voucher, diagnostic identity method, trade names or ancestry
Study shape: Pigment-pathway homologs were identified from public BioProjects and unpublished laboratory genomic and transcriptomic data. Six adult tissues and whole juveniles were compared by 18S-normalized qPCR with three biological samples and technical triplicates. CRCN abundance was compared by western blot, and fluorescence at 380/450 nm was measured after separate cephalothorax and abdomen extraction with hepatopancreas and intestine removed.
Experimental unit: Three biological samples per strain and endpoint were reported, but the number and sex of shrimp per sample, pooling, molt state, independent source-tank history, number of culture tanks and strain-to-tank allocation were not defined; technical triplicates are subsamples
Environment: Purchased red, yellow and blue strains held in 29 x 18 x 15 cm transparent recirculation-system tanks at 26 +/- 2 C and pH 7.2 to 7.5, with the number of tanks and strain-to-tank allocation unreported
Endpoints: candidate pigment-pathway homologs and phylogenies, adult-tissue and whole-juvenile relative gene expression, CRCN western-blot band intensity relative to tubulin, body-region relative fluorescence used as a pteridine proxy.
What it can support: The tested red, yellow and blue source strains differed in selected tissue and juvenile transcript levels, CRCN western-blot abundance and body-region relative fluorescence. These cross-sectional associations identify candidate carotenoid and pteridine pathways for follow-up; the tested blue strain had higher normalized CRCN band intensity than the red and yellow strains.
What it cannot support: The study did not manipulate candidate genes, cross strains, measure inheritance, quantify a standardized visible-colour phenotype, identify or quantify individual pteridine compounds, assay carotenoid composition, assign diets or validate seller lines. Its red, yellow and blue labels were not connected to named aquarium morphs, vouchers, diagnostic species confirmation, ancestry or pedigrees. Three biological samples per endpoint, unresolved animal pooling and tank history, an unreported calibrator for 2^-delta-delta-Ct comparisons, relative fluorescence without reported tissue-mass normalization, unpublished sequence inputs and low-powered distribution tests at n = 3 limit causal or reproducible pathway ranking. The work cannot provide a genotype test, dominance chart, feed or carotenoid prescription, colour-grade prediction, ancestry claim or commercial trade-line pedigree.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/colours, /care/genetics, /care/species
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Neocaridina identity evidence
Feng et al., 2026. PLOS ONE 21(2): e0342746.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina denticulata sinensis
Study shape: The NdTryp gene was cloned, expression was profiled across tissues and nine embryonic stages, in situ hybridization localized transcripts, RNA interference was followed by injected Vibrio parahaemolyticus challenge, and recombinant protein activity was tested in vitro.
Experimental unit: Individual shrimp for animal endpoints, usually three animals per group or time point; the wording for pooled embryonic samples does not clearly separate the three individuals from the stated three biological replicates, and recombinant-enzyme measurements used technical triplicates
Environment: Market-sourced shrimp acclimated for seven days in recirculating laboratory aquaria at 25 C, followed by molecular assays, injected bacterial challenge and isolated recombinant-protein tests
Endpoints: tissue and developmental expression, hepatopancreatic localization, RNA interference knockdown, histopathology after bacterial injection, recombinant enzyme activity.
What it can support: NdTryp expression was highest in the hepatopancreas and localized mainly to R cells and epithelial cells lining its tubules. Expression appeared late in embryonic development, rose after the tested bacterial injection, and knockdown before challenge was associated with more severe hepatopancreatic damage than the dsEGFP challenged control.
What it cannot support: The injected laboratory challenge, small animal groups and ambiguous embryonic pooling do not establish natural infection, diagnosis, treatment, survival or pathogen clearance. The recombinant enzyme optima and 20 mM ion assays are not aquarium pH, temperature, mineral, copper or cadmium targets. No feeding trial tested trypsin as an additive, digestibility aid or growth treatment, and no explicitly described uninfected RNA interference histology control isolates knockdown injury from infection interaction.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/anatomy, /care/breeding, /care/feeding, /care/health
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Gorol et al., 2026. The European Zoological Journal 93(1): 563-582.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: As a continuation of the 2025 experiment, adults received clean water or nominal 1, 5 or 10 mg/L BPA for 24, 48 or 72 hours. Qualitative methods used organs from five animals per group and quantitative methods used five cell suspensions per group.
Experimental unit: Individually exposed adult and its derived organ or cell preparation; this continued the earlier exposure program and is not evidence of an independent replication
Environment: Adult shrimp held individually in 0.5-litre containers at 21 C, pH 7 and GH 10, fed ad libitum, with excrement removed every 12 hours and fresh nominal exposure water prepared for each animal
Endpoints: reactive oxygen species, apoptosis and necrosis, caspase and Bcl-2 states, DNA damage, mitochondrial structure and membrane potential, reduced glutathione.
What it can support: The assigned acute BPA treatments changed multiple intestine and hepatopancreas cell endpoints. Reactive-oxygen signals were highest after 24 hours and then declined, while cell-death, mitochondrial and DNA-damage responses varied by organ, concentration and time; hepatopancreas DNA damage was higher after 48 hours at every tested concentration.
What it cannot support: This is a continuation of the same nominal concentration and exposure design as the 2025 publication, not independent confirmation. Concentrations were not analytically verified, controls were clean-water organ groups rather than an explicitly time-matched series, and five method preparations per group do not establish the total number of independent animals across assays. Declining reactive-oxygen signal does not prove recovery because other cellular endpoints changed on different timelines. No whole-animal survival, behaviour, reproduction, chronic effect or recovery endpoint was measured. It does not establish an aquarium BPA threshold, a general plastic-safety rule or a diagnosis from visible symptoms.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/chemical-safety, /care/anatomy, /care/health
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Guz et al., 2026. Journal of Fish Diseases 49(7): e70127.
Source taxon as published: Ornamental Neocaridina spp.
Study shape: Five isolates were identified biochemically and by mass spectrometry, screened for virulence genes, challenged back into shrimp and tested for drug susceptibility.
Experimental unit: Infection challenge group or bacterial isolate, depending on endpoint
Environment: Diagnostic isolation followed by laboratory pathogenicity challenges and antimicrobial susceptibility testing
Endpoints: isolate identity, virulence genes, challenge mortality, lesion reproduction, antimicrobial susceptibility.
What it can support: The tested isolates reproduced disease in challenge animals with isolate-specific mortality and multidrug-resistance patterns.
What it cannot support: A dark lesion or lethargy cannot identify Aeromonas, and isolate resistance results do not authorize an aquarium antibiotic or dose.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/health, /care/quarantine, /care/chemical-safety
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Review or synthesis
Broader ornamental-shrimp review
Holroyd et al., 2026. Conservation Physiology 14(1): coag046.
Source taxon as published: Tropical ornamental shrimp, including Neocaridina literature
Study shape: Published physiology, trade and transport evidence was synthesized and major gaps were identified.
Experimental unit: Published source, not a new animal experiment
Environment: Review of aquarium trade and transport evidence
Endpoints: temperature evidence, oxygen evidence, carbonate chemistry, nitrogen waste, health assessment.
What it can support: The review maps major species-specific evidence gaps and relevant transport stressors.
What it cannot support: It does not validate a drip rate, package, forecast gate, water target or treatment for Neocaridina.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/acclimation, /care/temperature, /care/nitrogen, /care/health, /care/quarantine
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Neocaridina identity evidence
Li et al., 2026. BioTech 15(1): 15.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina denticulata sinensis
Study shape: Expression was compared across colour strains and stages; RNA interference and sampled SNP associations were examined.
Experimental unit: Embryo group or biological sample, depending on endpoint
Environment: Laboratory expression, association and RNA-interference study
Endpoints: NinaB-like expression, red pigment deposition, SNP association.
What it can support: Functional involvement and sampled genetic associations for body-colour regulation in the source taxon.
What it cannot support: The candidate SNPs do not certify Blue Dream, Sunkist, purity, relatedness or a universal named-morph genotype.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/colours, /care/genetics, /care/species
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
McIvor et al., 2026. Aquaculture Research 2026(1): 6618042.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi, red cherry variant
Study shape: Three aquaria per treatment received 0, 20, 2000 or 20000 smooth 38 to 45 micrometre particles per litre, starting with 20 females and five males per aquarium.
Experimental unit: Thirty-litre aquarium, with three aquaria per concentration
Environment: Twelve 30-litre aquaria with sponge filtration and five months of smooth polystyrene-sphere exposure
Endpoints: particle ingestion, monthly mortality, counts by size class, post-exposure mortality.
What it can support: The two higher tested concentrations increased mortality and changed population size-class counts under the five-month exposure.
What it cannot support: Fecundity, gonads and individual growth trajectories were not measured, so size-class counts do not directly establish slower reproduction or individual growth rates; the treatments are not aquarium safety thresholds.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/chemical-safety, /care/health, /care/growth, /care/stocking
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Field observation
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Sidorovskyi, 2026. Fisheries Science of Ukraine 1(75): 98-114.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: Hydrobiological dip-net collections at two coordinates were preserved in 96 percent ethanol and identified by stereomicroscopy; later visits were used to report non-detection after the initial records.
Experimental unit: Field collection event at either of two Kharkiv water bodies; sampling frequency, effort and detection probability were not reported
Environment: Two urban water bodies in Kharkiv, Ukraine, surveyed between June 2020 and December 2025
Endpoints: specimen occurrence, body length, sex count, ovigerous-female count, later non-detection, site context.
What it can support: The article documents 10 and 6 shrimp at one site in 2020 and 2021, seven at a second site in 2024, ovigerous females in every positive collection and later non-detection at both sites.
What it cannot support: Later non-detection does not prove extinction because sampling effort and detectability were not reported. Identification was described as stereomicroscopy without diagnostic character results or a molecular confirmation. The end of warm runoff was not an assigned temperature treatment, and no released source stock was traced. The observations do not establish a thermal threshold, prove release causation or make any climate release-safe.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/species, /care/surplus
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Wilson, Rickward and Santostefano, 2026. Journal of Evolutionary Biology: voag042.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: Forty-one one-male, four-female breeding groups produced 1,191 offspring in 75 full-sibling families nested within 37 paternal half-sibling groups. Eighty shrimp from 20 families each completed six alternating control-predator assays; the other 1,111 each completed one treatment-balanced assay for pedigree-based models.
Experimental unit: Repeatedly identified individual for the 80-shrimp six-assay dataset; single individual nested within a full-sibling family and its rearing tank for the 1,111-shrimp quantitative-genetic dataset
Environment: Pet-trade-source offspring raised as separate full-sibling families in recirculating 2.9-litre tanks, then tested in five-minute open-field assays using conspecific water or water previously occupied by green swordtails
Endpoints: track length, activity above 4 cm/s, arena area covered, refuge duration, individual repeatability, additive and family variance, individual-by-environment and genotype-by-environment variation.
What it can support: The fish-water cue produced modest average decreases in track length and activity and increased refuge duration. Individuals differed repeatably, and the pedigree model attributed an estimated 24.3 percent of multivariate phenotypic variance to additive genetic effects while finding no supported variation among individuals or genotypes in cue-response plasticity.
What it cannot support: No fish entered the assay and no capture, injury, feeding, growth, survival or recruitment endpoint was measured. The cue came from one novel fish species and its strength was not an aquarium coexistence exposure. All shrimp came from one pet-trade colony, full siblings shared one rearing tank, only about two dams per sire contributed on average and additive-genetic estimates had high uncertainty. The repeated dataset always began with control, arena water was replaced after ten trials and age varied from 41 to 215 days. The study does not establish fish compatibility, a fixed personality label, a commercial-line heritability or a selection response.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/behaviour, /care/tankmates, /care/genetics
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Morphology or taxonomy
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Adachi et al., 2025. iScience 28(2): 111885.
Source taxon as published: Commercial Neocaridina denticulata (Neocaridina davidi), identified with partial CO1 sequence evidence
Study shape: A post-hatching time series combined light and time-lapse imaging, morphometrics, SEM, TEM, toluidine-blue sections, confocal cuticle and cell staining, and a separate WGA-injected, UV-resin-immobilized live-imaging method across the first ecdysis.
Experimental unit: Individual shrimp within each method: 15 animals for tail length and width, three per stage for SEM, two per stage for TEM, three or more per fluorescence study, and two animals with 17 tracked nodes for resin-immobilized live imaging; Videos S1 and S2 show the same 96-well individual
Environment: Commercial stock maintained in 45-litre tanks at 23 to 25 C; separated egg-carrying animals and hatchlings were examined in bottles, 300-microlitre 96-well plate units or invasive microscopy preparations
Endpoints: external uropod and telson form, telson length and width, cuticle branching and furrows, epithelial cell shape, time-lapse tail dynamics through first ecdysis.
What it can support: Under the tested developmental conditions, cuticle already separated overlapping uropod and telson primordia shortly after hatching. The first ecdysis made the uropod branches externally clear and changed the telson toward a longer, narrower form, with the visible tail-shape transition occurring within minutes in the recorded individual.
What it cannot support: This is first-instar developmental anatomy, not an adult molt interval or a home-visible molt predictor. The stock was commercially sourced, exact sex was unknown and the authors retained both N. denticulata and N. davidi because the name is disputed. Samples were small and method-specific. Fixed observations required anesthesia, dissection, fixation or staining. Captured 96-well animals molted faster, probably because of microscope heat. Live imaging used WGA injection, 395 nm curing light and heat-generating UV resin, slightly delayed ecdysis, included only two animals, did not label every cell and may have produced injury-related cells. The study did not test aquarium temperature, GH, minerals, treatment, survival, welfare or incomplete-molt prevention.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/anatomy, /care/molting
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Azhar et al., 2025. Planetary Sustainability 3(2): 56-76.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi, red cherry adults
Study shape: Five approximately 42 percent protein formulas replaced 0, 25, 50, 75 or 100 percent of fish meal with black soldier fly larvae meal. The actual meal contents were 0, 10.8, 21.68, 32.62 and 43.64 percent of the complete dry formulas. Each diet was assigned to five aquaria containing one male and one female, fed to satiation twice daily.
Experimental unit: The 3-litre aquarium, with five aquaria per diet; treatment was assigned by aquarium, but the one-way ANOVA description does not state whether aquarium or animal observations entered each endpoint analysis
Environment: Twenty-five 3-litre aquaria with Java moss during a 60-day feeding trial, with daily water checks, 20 percent water exchange every three days and 50 percent weekly exchange
Endpoints: feed intake, survival, length gain, weight gain, specific growth rate, shed-molt count, ovary measurement, reported offspring count, colour coordinates.
What it can support: The 50 percent fish-meal-replacement formula, which contained 21.68 percent black soldier fly meal, had higher reported length gain, weight gain and specific growth rate than the 75 and 100 percent replacement formulas. The table letters did not distinguish it from the control or 25 percent replacement groups. Survival, ovary measurement, reported offspring count and colour intensity did not differ statistically among diets.
What it cannot support: This was a complete-formula comparison, not a test of adding 50 percent insect meal to finished food. Fish meal, black soldier fly meal, fish oil, corn meal and cellulose changed together, while measured lipid and ash also varied; amino acids, fatty acids and energy were not reported. Every diet contained the same Spirulina and astaxanthin. Feeding was described as both to satiation and predetermined, without an exact ration, uneaten-feed recovery method or leaching correction, and measured water values were not reported. The analysis unit was not explicit. The published molting equation multiplies molts per starting shrimp by 100, while the table reports 4.8 to 7.6 percent without reconciling the scale. Ovary size was calculated as length times width but reported in cm, one figure caption refers to male ovary development, and post-mortality brood denominators are unclear. The study does not establish a universal 50 percent recipe, a whole-insect feeding method, reproductive safety, a colour benefit or a home molting rate.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/feeding, /care/growth, /care/molting, /care/breeding, /care/colours
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Chen et al., 2025. Antioxidants 14(6): 635.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina denticulata
Study shape: One hundred twenty juveniles were assigned to a basal diet or feed containing 0.4, 4 or 40 micrograms methyl farnesoate per kilogram, with repeated length measurements and end-point biochemical and transcriptomic assays.
Experimental unit: Not recoverable as an independent tank unit: the paper describes four diet groups but does not report replicate tanks; RNA sequencing used three individual shrimp per group
Environment: Forty-day laboratory feeding study at 26 C with a 14-hour light and 10-hour dark cycle and recirculating filtration
Endpoints: body length growth rate, digestive enzyme activity, oxidative-stress assays, whole-animal gene expression.
What it can support: The reported length, enzyme, oxidative-stress and gene-expression outcomes varied with dietary methyl farnesoate concentration and time in the study population.
What it cannot support: The paper does not describe replicated tanks, so diet may be confounded with one group or culture system and individual shrimp do not repair that treatment-level replication problem. The control feed is not explicitly described as ethanol-vehicle matched, and prepared-feed hormone concentration, stability, leaching, intake and internal dose were not verified. Survival, reproduction, long-term safety and withdrawal were not established. This study cannot support a home additive, water dose, growth product or breeding treatment.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/feeding, /care/growth, /care/health
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Neocaridina identity evidence
Feng et al., 2025. Comparative Immunology Reports 8: 200226.
Source taxon as published: Market-source Neocaridina denticulata sinensis without reported voucher or diagnostic identity confirmation
Study shape: The NdCrus1 cDNA was cloned, transcript abundance was compared across ten tissues from three healthy shrimp, recombinant NdCrus1 was expressed in Escherichia coli, and the purified protein was tested against bacterial growth, selected proteases, chitin materials, reducing conditions and heat pretreatment.
Experimental unit: Individual shrimp or tissue RNA for expression work and a bacterial culture, protein reaction or material-binding preparation for in vitro endpoints; three replicates were commonly reported, but biological and technical replication was not mapped clearly for every assay
Environment: Market-source shrimp held at 25 C in aerated circulating water, followed by tissue expression work and isolated recombinant-protein assays
Endpoints: tissue transcript abundance, bacterial growth and inhibition zones, purified and bacterial protease inhibition, chitin and chitosan binding, activity after reducing-agent exposure, activity after purified-protein heat pretreatment.
What it can support: NdCrus1 was cloned and its recombinant protein inhibited proteinase K and proteases in selected bacterial preparations, showed qualitative binding to chitin materials, and lost inhibitory activity after stronger reducing or heat pretreatments. It did not significantly inhibit growth of Bacillus subtilis or Vibrio parahaemolyticus in the reported bacterial-growth assay.
What it cannot support: The study did not challenge living shrimp, manipulate NdCrus1 in living shrimp or measure survival, clinical signs, pathogen load, clearance, transmission or protection. An antimicrobial-peptide family label and in vitro protease inhibition do not establish disease resistance, diagnosis or treatment. Qualitative chitin and chitosan binding does not validate a feed, prebiotic, supplement, molting aid or dose. The 30 to 100 C pretreatments were applied to purified recombinant protein and are not shrimp temperature-tolerance or aquarium-care tests. Tissue expression used only three animals and the ovary and testis sampling allocation was unclear. No voucher, morphological diagnosis or molecular identity confirmation was reported for market-source animals.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/health
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
System observation or method study
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Feng et al., 2025. BMC Genomics 26: 1151.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina denticulata sinensis
Study shape: The authors identified CRCN-family candidates in an unpublished laboratory genome, compared the family across six crustaceans, examined a 15-library five-tissue expression matrix with three libraries per tissue, ran epidermal qPCR, expressed NdCRCN-6 in Escherichia coli, generated a mouse polyclonal antibody and used western blotting and immunohistochemistry for tissue localization.
Experimental unit: Gene and genome for computational analyses; 15 transcriptome libraries with three per tissue but no reported animal-versus-pool provenance; qPCR reports three samples without defining the biological animal unit; western-blot preparations, immunohistochemistry sections and independent animal counts were not reported
Environment: Aquaculture-center shrimp 1.8 plus or minus 0.2 cm, acclimated for two weeks in a 29 by 18 by 15 cm recirculating tank at 25 plus or minus 1 C and fed Sera Shrimp Natural twice daily
Endpoints: CRCN candidate-gene count and location, gene-family phylogeny and duplication, tissue expression matrix, epidermal qPCR, antibody reactivity, epidermal and muscle immunolocalization.
What it can support: The source genome contained 24 CRCN-family candidates, mostly clustered on chromosome 23, with seven reported tandem-duplicated pairs. The 15-library matrix and qPCR showed differing tissue and epidermal expression patterns, and the generated antibody produced CRCN-family signal in epidermis and muscle under the reported assays.
What it cannot support: This is a molecular identification and localization study, not a colour-strain, diet, breeding or grading experiment. It did not measure visible colour, chromatophores, astaxanthin amount, direct astaxanthin binding in Neocaridina, growth, survival, reproduction, molt, health or selection response. One unpublished source genome cannot establish population-wide copy number, variants or commercial-line identity. Total shrimp count, tank count, sex, age, colour line, lineage and taxon-identification method were not reported. The tissue libraries do not resolve animals versus pools, and the paper does not define the biological unit behind three qPCR samples. Primer efficiencies and a calibrator were not reported for cross-gene qPCR comparisons. High CRCN sequence similarity means the polyclonal antibody may recognize multiple family members, so localization cannot assign each subunit a distinct function. Independent animals, section counts, blinded scoring and quantitative image methods were not reported. Muscle transport, epidermal colour modulation and individual-subunit functions remain inferred rather than directly measured. The accession CRA018357 is linked only to the archive homepage in the article and does not resolve these sample-provenance gaps. Twenty-four candidate genes do not mean 24 visible traits, a trade-line inheritance chart, a consumer genetic test or a colour-food recommendation.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/colours, /care/genetics
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Gorol et al., 2025. The European Zoological Journal 92(1): 390-409.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: Adults received clean water or nominal 1, 5 or 10 mg/L BPA for 24, 48 or 72 hours. One animal occupied each container, and five specimens from each group were selected for each microscopy, histochemistry, fluorescence or cell-cycle method.
Experimental unit: Individually exposed adult in a 0.5-litre container; method-specific samples used five animals per group, while reuse or independence across methods was not stated clearly
Environment: Adult shrimp held individually in 0.5-litre plastic containers at 21 C, pH 7 and GH 10, fed ad libitum, with excrement removed every 12 hours and fresh nominal exposure water prepared for each animal
Endpoints: intestine and hepatopancreas ultrastructure, autophagic and acidic structures, lipid, protein and polysaccharide reserves, regenerative-cell ultrastructure, Ki67-positive cells, cell-cycle phase proportions.
What it can support: The assigned acute BPA treatments produced organ-, time- and concentration-associated changes in midgut cell structure, autophagic signals, reserve material, regenerative-cell measures and cell-cycle distributions. The highest treatment produced extensive intestinal degeneration after 72 hours.
What it cannot support: Concentrations were nominal and not analytically verified. The clean-water control came from continuous culture rather than an explicitly time-matched control series, and the number of distinct animals across the many methods was not clear. The study lasted 24 to 72 hours, used adult tissue and cell endpoints, and did not report whole-animal survival, behaviour, reproduction, recovery or a chronic exposure response. It does not establish a household BPA threshold, diagnose damage from an aquarium observation or show that an unnamed plastic product caused exposure.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/chemical-safety, /care/anatomy, /care/health
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Hugger, 2025. Master thesis, University of Vienna.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: Ionic silver, PVP-coated nanospheres and uncoated nanopowder were compared with measured dissolved silver and animal accumulation.
Experimental unit: Mesocosm exposure unit, not each shrimp sharing the exposure
Environment: Mesocosm exposures in artificial Danube water
Endpoints: 24-hour mortality, median lethal estimate, dissolved silver, whole-animal accumulation.
What it can support: The three tested silver forms had different dissolution and acute mortality relationships under the mesocosm chemistry.
What it cannot support: A master thesis acute result is not a chronic safe value, copper proxy, product limit or household aquarium target.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/chemical-safety, /care/health, /care/testing
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Neocaridina identity evidence
Huo et al., 2025. Fishes 10(3): 134.
Source taxon as published: Laboratory red, blue, yellow and wild or transparent strains labelled Neocaridina denticulata sinensis
Study shape: Adult and tissue expression used seven individual samples per strain. Embryonic expression pooled all sampled embryos from one berried female as one replicate, with seven maternal replicates per source-defined stage. For RNA interference, metanauplius embryos from each of five red-strain mothers were divided into sibling treatment and control wells of 15 embryos, exposed ex vivo after hypochlorous-acid membrane softening to 5 micrograms per millilitre NdBCO-like4 or EGFP dsRNA in ultra-pure water, and photographed after 24 hours. A transcriptome-derived candidate SNP was then targeted for genotyping in four laboratory strains.
Experimental unit: Individual shrimp for adult and tissue expression, nested within separately maintained strain tanks whose number and replication were not stated; maternal clutch for the five-mother paired RNA-interference comparison; individual shrimp for genotyping, although the reported figure totals do not reconcile with the stated 192 individuals per strain
Environment: Laboratory-owned strains selectively bred for more than three years and cultured separately in glass tanks at about 25 C, with aerated tap water, planted aquarium soil, daily compound feed and 50 percent water changes every three days
Endpoints: NdBCO-like4 expression by strain, tissue and developmental stage, RNA-interference target expression, red-channel pixel brightness ratio, pigment-particle distribution index, candidate-SNP genotype frequency, predicted RNA secondary structure.
What it can support: In the sampled laboratory strains, NdBCO-like4 expression was higher in the red strain than the yellow, blue and wild or transparent strains and varied across the five source-defined developmental stages. In the five paired maternal clutches, embryos receiving NdBCO-like4 dsRNA had lower red-channel brightness ratios and pigment-particle distribution indices than EGFP-dsRNA sibling controls under the artificial 24-hour exposure. The G.1719G>A candidate occurred in every sampled strain at different reported genotype frequencies.
What it cannot support: This is evidence of molecular involvement under the source assays, not a validated commercial-line marker, inheritance chart or consumer genetic test. The paper does not report the number of culture tanks per strain, so strain, family and shared tank history cannot be separated. The ex vivo RNA-interference protocol used removed embryos, 1 to 5 percent hypochlorous acid for 1 to 2 minutes, ultra-pure water and destructive molecular sampling; it is not a breeding or colour-enhancement method. A blank control is described but omitted from the displayed RNA-interference results, scoring regions and blinding are not reported, one reference gene was used without reported stability validation, and the split-clutch design was analysed with an independent t-test rather than an explicit paired model. The results text calls the target-expression decrease p greater than 0.05 while the discussion calls it significant. The abstract calls G.1719G>A synonymous, whereas the results and discussion call it a missense or non-synonymous D445N change. The same strain is called wild in the methods and transparent in figures. Although the methods state 192 genotyped individuals per strain, the Figure 7 genotype counts total 148 red, 95 yellow, 190 blue and 172 transparent animals, without explaining missing calls. The variant-frequency association does not establish causation, dominance, parentage, pedigree, selection response or identity for Blue Dream, Sunkist, Bloody Mary or any seller line.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/colours, /care/genetics, /care/anatomy
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Ishiba et al., 2025. Jxiv preprint, version 1.
Source taxon as published: Field-origin Neocaridina colony from the Tatsuta River, with five colony representatives assigned to N. davidi clade B by COI barcoding
Study shape: Sixty-four randomly selected shrimp spent seven days in a white environment, received standardized dorsal photographs, were randomly assigned by sex to four coloured environments for seven more days and were photographed again. No feed was supplied during the full 14 days. ImageJ mean RGB luminance ratios were calculated for the whole body and five body regions.
Experimental unit: Individual survivor for colour analysis; vessel count, shrimp density and animal-to-vessel mapping were not reported
Environment: Laboratory white acclimation followed by red, blue, green or white glass-sand and polyester-cord environments
Endpoints: day 14 to day 7 RGB luminance ratios, body-region RGB ratios, survival by colour environment.
What it can support: The matching RGB channel had the largest mean ratio in every environment, but only the blue group showed a significant among-channel difference, specifically red versus blue. White, red and blue environments produced some within-channel changes; green produced none. Approximate survival was 56 percent in white, 93 percent in red, 93 percent in green and 87 percent in blue.
What it cannot support: This is a version 1 preprint, not peer reviewed. Only five colony representatives were barcoded, not all 64 experimental animals. Vessel allocation and replication were not reported, so pseudoreplication cannot be excluded. Animals received no feed for 14 days; water chemistry, temperature, photoperiod, mortality timing, molt state and family contributions were omitted. The colour treatment combined sand, cord and reflected light, white survival was about 56 percent and colour results include survivors only. Repeated tests lacked a stated multiplicity correction and the analysis did not model within-animal RGB channels. The study did not test inherited colour, commercial grade, genetics, health, optimal substrate, predator detection or a camouflage survival benefit.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/colours, /care/genetics, /standard
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Morphology or taxonomy
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Kusmintarsih et al., 2025. E3S Web of Conferences 609: 02003.
Source taxon as published: Market-labeled Neocaridina denticulata and Neocaridina palmata; no host-identification method reported
Study shape: One hundred market-labeled N. denticulata and 100 market-labeled N. palmata were transported in market aquarium water. Gill and cephalothorax material was scraped onto slides and examined by microscopy for organisms reported as sessile bdelloid rotifers, Vorticella sp. and Zoothamnium sp.
Experimental unit: Individual examined shrimp, clustered within an unreported number of sampled aquariums from one seller and one claimed river source
Environment: Two hundred shrimp sampled across more than eight aquariums operated by the only ornamental-shrimp seller at one fish market in Purbalingga, Central Java, Indonesia
Endpoints: presence of reported organism group, host label, reported sex, gill or cephalothorax location.
What it can support: In this one-seller sample, the authors reported at least one of the three organism groups on 156 of 200 examined shrimp, including 78 of 100 under each market species label.
What it cannot support: Aquarium identities and sample counts, collection dates, host-species identification, sexing method, microscope magnification, diagnostic key, stain, image vouchers, molecular confirmation, examiner blinding, confidence intervals and the named statistical test were not reported. The two market labels were reportedly kept together, and the analysis did not account for aquarium clustering. No tissue damage, respiration, behaviour, growth, reproduction, mortality, transmission, treatment or causal disease endpoint was measured. The 78 percent result is not a trade-wide prevalence estimate, does not validate a home diagnosis, does not prove every detected organism was parasitic or harmful and does not establish a treatment indication.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/health, /care/quarantine, /care/pests, /care/species
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Kusuma et al., 2025. Juvenil 6(3): 290-300.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina sp., laboratory reproduction-stock animals without species, line or identification method reported
Study shape: Tubifex sp., Chironomus larvae, Daphnia sp. or an unidentified Spirulina pellet control were assigned to three aquaria each. The paper states one shrimp per litre, one week of acclimation and ad-libitum availability checked twice daily, with old food replaced when present.
Experimental unit: Aquarium assigned to feed, with three aquaria per treatment; the exact integer starting count is not stated, because the reported 21.6-litre volume and one-animal-per-litre density do not resolve it, and endpoint animal or aquarium denominators are not supplied
Environment: Twelve nominal 21.6-litre aquaria at approximately 25.49 to 26.86 C, pH 6.34 to 7.57 and dissolved oxygen 5.125 to 5.205 mg/L during a 40-day feeding comparison with weekly siphoning
Endpoints: survival, absolute length gain, absolute weight gain, ordinal visible-red colour score, feed proximate composition, temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen.
What it can support: Across the reported 40-day treatment means, Tubifex aquaria had the highest survival mean at 85.00 percent and highest colour-score mean at 3.50. Reported length and weight gains were not statistically distinguished among feeds. The comparison supports only that these four complete feed treatments produced different reported survival and visible-colour patterns under this protocol.
What it cannot support: The animals were identified only to genus, and source line, sex, age, life stage, starting size, starting colour balance and randomization method were not reported. Feed amounts and actual intake were not measured, the live foods and pellet differed in physical form and proximate composition, the Spirulina pellet was not identified, and proximate values lack replicate error and a stated wet- or dry-matter basis. Aquarium is the assigned unit, but the analysis does not state whether aquarium means were modeled, how many animals entered each endpoint or whether colour scoring was blinded under standardized lighting and background. The written method describes four colour scores while Figure 1 shows five with conflicting descriptions. The table note says different letters indicate a difference at P greater than 0.05 while the text says P less than 0.05. The discussion substitutes Hermetia illucens for Daphnia in one passage and later says Chironomus and Daphnia produced more intense colour than Tubifex, contradicting the table. Water ranges are pooled rather than treatment-specific, and nitrogen, mortality timing, feed-borne organisms, disease, reproduction, composition and long-term safety were not measured. This does not establish Tubifex as a complete or safest food, a live-feed dose, a colour-grade method or a recommendation to introduce wild or cultured worms into a home aquarium.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/feeding, /care/colours, /care/growth
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Li et al., 2025. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 25(2): TRJFAS25726.
Source taxon as published: Aquaculture-farm Neocaridina davidi; identification method not reported
Study shape: The authors sequenced HIF-1alpha cDNA and profiled mRNA and protein across three gonad stages and seven named embryo stages. They then randomly assigned nominal groups of 300 females and 100 males to intramuscular injection of 600 nL dsHIF-1alpha or dsEGFP. Egg-carrying females observed within three days supplied maternal muscle and removed embryos for qPCR, western blots, glycolytic-gene assays and photographed developmental examples.
Experimental unit: Individual injected adult for assignment, but each treatment occupied a mesh box within one shared-water tank. Embryo expression samples pooled material from three shrimp and reported three repetitions without fully mapping females, broods, embryo counts or pools to each assay. The developmental figure shows one control sequence and three affected examples without the eligible female, clutch or embryo denominator.
Environment: Farm-sourced adults maintained at 27 C with daily compound feed; dsHIF-1alpha and dsEGFP groups occupied mesh boxes within the same shrimp tank, and dissolved oxygen and other water chemistry were not reported
Endpoints: HIF-1alpha cDNA sequence and predicted domains, stage-associated HIF-1alpha mRNA and protein, maternal muscle and embryo HIF-1alpha after dsRNA injection, embryo PFK, HK and PGK transcripts, photographed cleavage progression or arrest.
What it can support: Under the reported assays, HIF-1alpha mRNA and protein were highest at the cleavage stage relative to later named embryo stages. Maternal dsHIF-1alpha injection was associated with lower HIF-1alpha signal in maternal muscle and sampled embryos, lower expression of selected glycolytic transcripts in several cleavage or blastula comparisons, and photographed examples of delayed or arrested early development relative to the dsEGFP sequence.
What it cannot support: The study did not assign oxygen treatments or measure dissolved oxygen, so the HIF name and pathway cannot establish aquarium hypoxia, embryo oxygen demand, aeration need, tolerance or a safe oxygen threshold. Shared tank water prevents independent environmental replication. Taxon identification was not reported, and the methods repeatedly call the shrimp crayfish. The number of egg-carrying females, clutches, embryos, affected embryos, surviving embryos and hatches was not reported, so the developmental frequency and effect size are unknown. Removed-embryo observation conditions and the selection of photographed examples were not fully described. The study did not directly label or trace dsRNA into oocytes or embryos, include an uninjected control, use a second non-overlapping HIF-1alpha dsRNA, report a rescue experiment or measure maternal survival and reproductive output; lower embryo signal therefore does not by itself prove physical intergenerational transfer or exclude off-target and maternal-condition pathways. Sample pooling and biological-replicate mapping are incomplete. Paired t-tests were used for apparently separate treatment groups and repeated stage comparisons without a reported multiplicity correction. Methods define significance at p less than 0.01, text uses p less than 0.05, captions introduce one, two and three-star levels, Figure 6 calls embryo-stage measurements muscle, and Figure 4 is titled protein expression although one panel is mRNA. The seven stage names partly borrow from Macrobrachium literature, and the representative 428-hour control sequence cannot supply a universal hatch countdown or viability test.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/sexing, /care/breeding, /care/filtration
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Li et al., 2025. Journal of Biological Chemistry 301(7): 110298.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: Histology, molecular manipulation and physiological measurements were compared across molt-related conditions.
Experimental unit: Animal or prepared tissue, depending on endpoint
Environment: Laboratory physiological and molecular experiment
Endpoints: gene expression, muscle metabolism, heart rate, gill ventilation, molting.
What it can support: Mechanistic involvement of HIF-1 alpha and glycolysis in the tested growth and molt physiology.
What it cannot support: The culture dissolved-oxygen range is not a tested aquarium minimum, and visible branchial movement cannot diagnose the pathway.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/anatomy, /care/molting, /care/filtration
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Luan et al., 2025. Biomolecules 15(6): 815.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: Hepatopancreases from mature red females were pooled in threes, exposed outside the animal to farnesoic acid or methyl farnesoate and compared by RNA sequencing, pathway analysis and qPCR.
Experimental unit: Pooled hepatopancreas sample from three females, with three pooled samples per condition for the 3-hour RNA sequencing comparison
Environment: Excised hepatopancreas tissue cultured at 25 C in Schneider's Drosophila medium with 1 ppm farnesoic acid or methyl farnesoate
Endpoints: differential gene expression, pathway enrichment, qPCR agreement.
What it can support: Excised female hepatopancreas tissue showed different short-term gene-expression responses to the two tested sesquiterpenoid hormones, including digestive-enzyme-associated transcripts after farnesoic acid exposure.
What it cannot support: This was an excised-organ experiment, not a whole-animal feeding, water, growth, molt, reproduction or safety trial. The paper does not document a hormone stock solvent or a matched vehicle control, and its sequencing wording does not make the timing of the control collection fully clear. Pathway labels and gene expression do not establish improved digestion, immunity, growth or vitellogenesis.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/anatomy, /care/breeding, /care/feeding, /care/growth
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
System observation or method study
Adjacent aquarium-system evidence
McKnight et al., 2025. ISME Communications 5(1): ycaf212.
Source taxon as published: Home aquarium biofilter microorganisms, not a Neocaridina animal experiment
Study shape: Weekly bead, sponge and water samples were paired with chemistry, qPCR and community sequencing while stocking and maintenance varied by home.
Experimental unit: Home aquarium, n equals three; repeated samples and technical replicates remain nested within aquarium
Environment: Three independently established home freshwater aquaria followed for twelve weeks
Endpoints: total ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, amoA abundance, microbial community succession.
What it can support: Nitrification timing and nitrifier succession differed among the three aquaria, with comammox Nitrospira prominent later in every sampled biofilter.
What it cannot support: Three uncontrolled home systems do not establish a universal three-week or eight-week cycle, a product effect or commissioned animal capacity.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/cycling, /care/filtration, /care/nitrogen
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Ostróżka et al., 2025. The European Zoological Journal 92(1): 876-895.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: A continuation using the 2024 nickel experiment scheme measured cell-cycle distribution, Ki67 proliferation, ATP and ADP/ATP, mitochondrial membrane potential, HSP70 and MnSOD in intestine and hepatopancreas. Five specimens represented each control or experimental group for each qualitative and quantitative method except Western blot. The prepublication CC BY deposit supplies the mitochondrial-potential and luminometry values plus microscopy and blot images.
Experimental unit: Individually exposed adult and its isolated organ or cell preparation, with five deposited values per group and organ for mitochondrial potential, ATP and ADP/ATP. The files do not provide specimen identifiers linking endpoints or establish whether the same five animals supplied each method; whether this was a new animal cohort independent of the 2024 publication was not stated.
Environment: Adult shrimp held individually in 0.5-litre cups at 21 C, pH 7 and GH 10 during nominal 3.63 mg Ni/L exposure for one or two weeks and one or two subsequent clean-water weeks
Endpoints: cell-cycle distribution, Ki67-positive cells, ATP concentration, ADP to ATP ratio, mitochondrial membrane potential, HSP70, MnSOD.
What it can support: The one high nominal nickel treatment produced organ- and time-associated changes in proliferation, energy and mitochondrial measures. Some measures returned toward control values during clean-water periods while others did not.
What it cannot support: This publication continues the prior nickel research program and uses its experimental scheme, so it is not evidence of an independent dose replication. Water concentration was not analytically verified, the control was the continuous culture rather than a separately described time-matched cup group, recovery groups were conditional on survival and only five values represented each deposited quantitative method group. The deposit does not link values across methods or prove independent reuse of animals. It did not measure whole-animal recovery, behaviour, reproduction or a safe household concentration.
Open the source.
Related source material:
CC BY quantitative and image dataset
Used in:
/care/chemical-safety, /care/anatomy, /care/health
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
System observation or method study
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Pierre, Kotani and Irabor, 2025. Crustacean Research 54: 19-33.
Source taxon as published: Cultured Neocaridina denticulata from Kagoshima University; identification method not reported
Study shape: Offspring from 25 similarly staged ovigerous females were pooled in one tank after the females were removed. Cross-sectional samples were measured at four known-age checkpoints; whole animals were homogenized in ten-animal pools for amylase, lipase and protease assays, and three 60-day juveniles plus three animals described as adults were sectioned for histology.
Experimental unit: Individual for destructive cross-sectional length and wet mass; ten-animal whole-body pool with three pools per enzyme checkpoint; individual section for three juvenile and three adult histology samples; every juvenile sample shared one rearing tank
Environment: One pooled juvenile rearing tank with hornwort, filtration, aeration, twice-daily 51 percent crude-protein feed and weekly 30 percent water replacement; recorded temperature 16.9 to 19.1 C
Endpoints: total body length, wet mass, daily temperature, pH, ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and dissolved oxygen, whole-body amylase, lipase and protease specific activity, general histological structure and organ dimensions.
What it can support: In the one pooled cohort, reported mean total length rose from 2.85 mm at day 15 to 4.67, 7.84 and 12.58 mm at days 30, 45 and 60, while mean wet mass rose from 1 to 8, 17 and 39 mg. The whole-body pools detected amylase, lipase and protease activity, with reported protease activity increasing across the four juvenile checkpoints.
What it cannot support: Age, sampling date and changing culture history were confounded, with no parallel age-matched control or replicate rearing tank. The destructive cross-sectional samples did not follow the same individuals, family contributions and starting denominator were unknown, survival was not reported and feed amount or intake was not measured. Temperature was observed rather than assigned, so normal-looking growth cannot establish cold tolerance, an optimum or absence of adverse effects. The pH and nitrogen values varied and their exact analytical reporting bases were incomplete. Whole-body homogenates do not isolate digestive tissue, and three pools from one tank do not independently replicate an age effect. The Brunner-Munzel comparison plan, exact p-values, multiplicity handling and figure error bars were not fully reported. The three-per-stage histology comparison cannot establish isometric growth. Animals described as adults were also said to come from the breeding tank, so age and cohort identity are unclear; a 75-day label does not establish reproductive maturity. The study tested no diet, protein level, feeding frequency, digestibility, long-term health or lifespan outcome and cannot prescribe stage-specific food.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/growth, /care/feeding, /care/temperature, /care/anatomy
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Field observation
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Prati et al., 2025. BioInvasions Records 14(2): 403-419.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi; Ecytonucleospora hepatopenaei, Orthosomella lipae, Microsporidium sp. SRE01 and Microsporidium sp. SRE02 as named by the source
Study shape: Forty shrimp were dip-netted at each of three sites and preserved immediately in 96 percent ethanol. All were identified morphologically, measured, sexed or classified as immature, dissected, visually screened internally and tested molecularly. Host CO1 and microsporidian SSU rRNA amplicons were Sanger sequenced and placed with reference sequences in maximum-likelihood phylogenies with 1000 bootstrap replicates.
Experimental unit: Individual field-collected shrimp for morphology, internal visual screening and molecular detection; one date and three sites in two catchments for the field occurrence observations
Environment: Three freshwater sites in two catchments on La Reunion Island sampled on 15 April 2024 at 24.5 to 26.2 C and 76 to 268 microS/cm conductivity
Endpoints: host morphology and CO1 identity, sex and life-stage counts, carapace length, microsporidian PCR-positive count, sequence similarity and phylogenetic placement, site occurrence, one-day temperature and conductivity.
What it can support: Five of 120 sampled shrimp were PCR positive for four reported microsporidian sequence types: two Orthosomella lipae detections at the Salazie creek, and one Ecytonucleospora hepatopenaei, one Microsporidium sp. SRE01 and one Microsporidium sp. SRE02 detection at Bras Citronnier. None of the 40 Ravine Seche shrimp was positive. All 120 hosts shared one CO1 haplotype reported as 100 percent similar to the N. davidi reference set.
What it cannot support: This is a one-day field sample from three sites, not an aquarium or trade prevalence estimate. The paper reports no histology, tissue lesions, clinical signs, survival, experimental transmission, pathogenicity or treatment endpoint, and it did not test native co-occurring shrimp for parasites. Ethanol preservation prevented epibiont analysis. The single host CO1 haplotype cannot prove a single introduction, seller line, release event or movement route between catchments. Sequence similarity cannot establish parasite origin or that N. davidi introduced any organism. One Table 2 subgroup is internally inconsistent, listing 16 immatures while reporting two positives as 2 of 14, so subgroup percentages should not be repeated as settled denominators. The one-day site temperature and conductivity readings are not aquarium care limits, and zero of 40 at one site is not proof of absence.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/health, /care/quarantine, /care/surplus
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Adjacent biological evidence
Tiwari et al., 2025. Integrative and Comparative Biology 65(6): 1489-1497.
Source taxon as published: Dugesia tigrina, Dugesia dorotocephala and Lumbriculus variegatus; no Neocaridina
Study shape: Starved planaria encountered injured or uninjured short and long blackworms in thirty-four recorded behavioural trials.
Experimental unit: One planarian-blackworm behavioural trial
Environment: Thirty-five-millimetre freshwater Petri-dish predation trials near 21 C
Endpoints: grip and wrap behaviour, feeding success, prey injury and length context.
What it can support: The tested planaria used adhesion during blackworm capture, and prey injury changed the observed interaction.
What it cannot support: Blackworm capture does not establish predation on Neocaridina eggs, juveniles or adults, and body shape alone cannot identify the aquarium flatworm.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/pests, /care/tankmates, /care/health
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
System observation or method study
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Wild et al., 2025. Animals 15(12): 1715.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina genus, cherry-red breeder line without species-level identification
Study shape: Sixty euthanized shrimp were divided across 12 fixation and processing variants, implying five individuals per variant and confirmed as n = 5 for nucleus-area results. Neutral-buffered formalin, Bouin fluid and Davidson fluid were compared alone and after trypsin digestion, hydrochloric-acid decalcification or abdomen removal before fixation and decalcification.
Experimental unit: Individual post-mortem specimen within a five-shrimp processing variant; five slides with three sections each and 150 measured muscle nuclei per specimen were subsamples, not additional independent animals
Environment: Post-mortem laboratory histology comparison after rearing in three 24 L nursery tanks
Endpoints: section fragility and tearing, subjective fixation, autolysis and staining scores, muscle-cell nucleus area, digital RGB staining measurements, hepatopancreas, ventral nerve cord and muscle preservation.
What it can support: Histological appearance in Neocaridina specimens depends strongly on fixation and processing. Davidson fluid gave the best unmodified preservation among the three tested fixatives, while trypsin and acid decalcification could add tissue damage, autolysis or staining artifacts; abdomen removal followed by Davidson fixation and decalcification scored best overall in this laboratory comparison.
What it cannot support: This was a post-mortem laboratory method study, not a live-animal health, diagnosis, treatment or husbandry experiment. The source identified animals only to genus and used one breeder line, did not report sex, random allocation, assessor blinding, inter-rater agreement or tank-to-treatment balance, and used only five animals per variant. Multiple sections, nuclei and pixels are specimen subsamples. Subjective score sums were reported without uncertainty, and one-way ANOVA with Fisher NIR post hoc testing does not remove small-group or multiplicity concerns. Autolysis and altered staining can be preparation artifacts rather than evidence of illness before death. The chemicals and dissection steps are hazardous laboratory procedures, and the reported 40 mg/L MS222 method lacks time-to-death, confirmation and buffering details, so it is not a validated home euthanasia protocol.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/anatomy
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Neocaridina identity evidence
Zhang et al., 2025. Animals 15(7): 901.
Source taxon as published: Laboratory red, yellow, blue and wild Neocaridina denticulata sinensis populations
Study shape: Scarb1 expression was compared across four selected colour populations and five developmental stages; five maternal clutches were split between scarb1 and EGFP dsRNA exposure, and one candidate SNP from a 216-shrimp transcriptome was targeted in four planned 384-animal population samples.
Experimental unit: Individual or biological sample for expression, maternal clutch for the paired RNAi comparison and individual shrimp for genotyping; source-population tank replication was not resolved
Environment: Laboratory culture at 25 +/- 1 C followed by removed-embryo RNA interference, expression assays and targeted genotyping
Endpoints: scarb1 expression, red pixel brightness ratio, pigment distribution scale, chromatophore development, G1593A genotype and allele frequency.
What it can support: Scarb1 knockdown changed metanauplius chromatophore measurements under the source protocol, and the synonymous G1593A genotype distribution differed sharply in the sampled yellow population.
What it cannot support: The RNAi used removed embryos from five mothers, did not report the statistical method for most comparisons and did not function at the later pre-zoea stage. The table reports 345 rather than the planned 384 genotypes per population without explaining missing calls. A selected-population association without crosses, independent line validation, phenotype prediction or a causal variant test cannot identify Sunkist or another named commercial line, establish dominance or forecast offspring.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/colours, /care/genetics
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Morphology or taxonomy
Neocaridina identity evidence
Bochini et al., 2024. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca 50: e849.
Source taxon as published: One adult female identified by the source as Neocaridina davidi and deposited as voucher CCDB 6963
Study shape: Three double-bottom shrimp-boat trawls on one coastal sampling date yielded the single specimen. It was frozen, preserved in 100 percent ethanol, measured, compared with published morphology methods and sequenced at mitochondrial COI and 16S plus nuclear 18S and H3 loci. COI entered a maximum-likelihood analysis with a model selected by Bayesian information criterion and 1,000 ultrafast bootstrap replicates; the other loci were used as identity checks.
Experimental unit: One collected and vouchered adult female for morphology and all four molecular markers; one site, one date and three incompletely quantified trawls for the occurrence observation
Environment: One coastal sampling event on 14 February 2022 at Candeias beach, Pernambuco, Brazil, where three double-bottom shrimp-boat trawls recovered one live specimen among filamentous algae
Endpoints: voucher identity, carapace length, morphological identification, COI phylogenetic placement and genetic distance, 16S sequence, 18S sequence, H3 sequence.
What it can support: The source documents one vouchered adult female identified as N. davidi from a Brazilian coastal marine trawl. Its COI sequence was reported at zero genetic distance from selected Polish and Canadian N. davidi sequences, and the authors deposited reported COI, 16S and 18S sequence accessions.
What it cannot support: One animal establishes a specimen occurrence, not an established or reproducing Brazilian population. The study did not report ambient salinity, temperature, depth, capture duration, animal condition after capture, residence time, physiological measurements, osmoregulation, survival, reproduction, abundance, repeated sampling or sampling of the nearby lagoon and estuary. Diagnostic morphological character states were not tabulated, and only COI had a comparative phylogeny; identical short mitochondrial sequences cannot trace a European source, aquarium seller, release event, ancestry or route. The reported H3 identifier SUB14399993 is a submission identifier rather than a standard GenBank accession. An aquarium-trade origin was proposed as the most plausible hypothesis but was not directly tested. This record cannot establish marine tolerance, a salinity acclimation method, South American distribution, population impact, parasite transfer, a trade-line identity or permission to release aquarium animals.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/species, /care/surplus
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Gao, Duan, Sun and Zhang, 2024. Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 42.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina denticulata sinensis
Study shape: Two calcium-associated cuticle genes were cloned and profiled across molt stages and tissues. Small stage-matched groups received RNA interference, cuticle structure was examined by electron microscopy and recombinant proteins were tested for calcium and chitin binding.
Experimental unit: Individual shrimp, prepared tissue or isolated-protein assay, depending on endpoint; several RNA interference comparisons used three to five shrimp per group
Environment: Laboratory molt staging, molecular manipulation, microscopy and isolated-protein assays
Endpoints: molt-stage gene expression, cuticle ultrastructure, calcium binding, chitin binding, calcium carbonate precipitation.
What it can support: NdCAP-1 and NdCAP-2 expression varied by molt stage and tissue, gene knockdown changed cuticle surface structure and the recombinant proteins bound calcium and chitin under the tested assays.
What it cannot support: The study did not assign water calcium, magnesium, GH or diet treatments. Its small molecular-manipulation groups do not establish a hardness target, diagnose an incomplete molt or show that a mineral supplement prevents failure.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/molting, /care/anatomy, /care/parameters
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Hou et al., 2024. PLOS ONE 19(12): e0315585.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi var. red
Study shape: Five diets differing in astaxanthin and Bidens pilosa were compared with repeated colour measurements, gene expression and a later sealed-bottle challenge.
Experimental unit: Independently filtered jar for the diet treatment and dissolved-oxygen bottle for the later challenge
Environment: Independently filtered six-litre jars at 24 C for 56 days followed by a nine-hour sealed-bottle challenge
Endpoints: CIELAB colour, colour-related gene expression, stress-related gene expression, nine-hour colour stability.
What it can support: The tested additives changed measured colour values and selected gene-expression outcomes under the reported diet and challenge conditions.
What it cannot support: It does not establish genetic colour improvement, permanent grade, general health benefit, transport success or a safe dissolved-oxygen threshold.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/feeding, /care/colours, /care/filtration
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Luna-Vivaldo et al., 2024. Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research 52(2): 298-306.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: Each phenotype received alginate spheres containing live Haematococcus pluvialis, live Spirulina platensis or no microalgae, while all groups also received the same commercial food. The article reports 11 juveniles per basket and four basket replicates, then measured uropod optical density, chromatophore number and chromatosome area at the end of 31 days.
Experimental unit: Supplement-treatment basket containing 11 juveniles, with four basket replicates reported; baskets received shared recirculating culture water, and the one-way ANOVA description does not state that basket or water system was modeled as the independent unit
Environment: Three-day-old juveniles from pet-trade-derived wild, Fire Red and Diamond Blue stocks held for 31 days in maternity baskets within recirculating culture water at 28 C
Endpoints: uropod optical density, chromatophore number, chromatosome area, 31-day survival.
What it can support: The two live-microalgae sphere treatments changed selected uropod colour measures relative to the no-microalgae sphere control, with different patterns in wild, Fire Red and Diamond Blue juveniles. All groups had 100 percent survival during the 31-day test.
What it cannot support: Shared recirculating water limits independent system replication, and the allocation and analysis descriptions do not clearly preserve basket-level independence. Imaging occurred only at the endpoint after one minute in ice water, with no blinded scoring or repeated individual baseline stated. Internally inconsistent significance wording for chromatosome area and missing raw data limit reconstruction. Equal survival across every group does not demonstrate a survival benefit. The study did not measure growth, health, reproduction, permanence after withdrawal or genetic change, and it does not validate a commercial powder, spoon dose, home algae culture method, grade guarantee or ice-water handling protocol.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/feeding, /care/colours, /care/anatomy
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
System observation or method study
Adjacent aquarium-system evidence
McKnight and Neufeld, 2024. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 90(7): e00104-24.
Source taxon as published: Freshwater aquarium microbial communities, not a Neocaridina animal experiment
Study shape: Microbial genes and community composition were surveyed across aquarium biofilters.
Experimental unit: Sampled aquarium biofilter
Environment: Thirty-eight freshwater aquarium biofilters
Endpoints: comammox genes, relative abundance, community composition.
What it can support: Complete ammonia-oxidizing Nitrospira occurred widely in the sampled biofilters.
What it cannot support: Detection and relative abundance do not measure a tank workload, prove full commissioning or establish an animal-safe concentration.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/cycling, /care/filtration, /care/water-changes
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Ostróżka et al., 2024. The European Zoological Journal.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: The authors first screened nominal 0.09, 0.9 and 3.63 mg Ni/L, selected 3.63 mg Ni/L after observing about 50 percent mortality at 14 days, then compared one- and two-week exposures and one- or two-week clean-water periods. Whole-body nickel, midgut structure, reserves, reactive-oxygen and cell-death measures were assessed. The linked CC BY deposit supplies quantitative tables and microscopy files.
Experimental unit: Individually held adult for exposure, with animal, whole-body preparation or isolated organ used according to endpoint. The deposited TXRF table has three numbered samples per group, while reactive-oxygen tables contain uneven row counts and repeated analysis dates that do not identify every row as an independent animal.
Environment: Adult shrimp exposed individually to nickel chloride for one or two weeks, followed by one or two weeks in clean water at 21 C, pH 7 and GH 10
Endpoints: preliminary mortality, whole-body nickel, intestinal degeneration, hepatopancreatic change, reserve material, reactive oxygen species, autophagic signals, apoptosis and necrosis, clean-water response.
What it can support: At the selected high nominal nickel treatment, adults accumulated nickel and showed organ- and time-associated cellular damage; some measured changes persisted after one or two weeks in clean water.
What it cannot support: The approximately 50 percent 14-day mortality was a preliminary selection observation, not a reported formal LC50 estimate with uncertainty. The deposit measures nickel in whole-shrimp samples, not the exposure water, so 3.63 mg Ni/L remains nominal; the recovery groups necessarily contained survivors, controls remained in the continuous culture and the repository does not resolve whether every reactive-oxygen row is a biological unit rather than a repeat or batch observation. It does not establish whole-animal recovery, a household threshold, a copper or fertilizer limit, or a diagnosis from appearance.
Open the source.
Related source material:
CC BY quantitative and image dataset
Used in:
/care/chemical-safety, /care/anatomy, /care/health
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Field observation
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Prati et al., 2024. Biological Invasions 26: 2499-2523.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: Feral occurrence, environmental conditions and intracellular parasite relationships were investigated.
Experimental unit: Field population, site and sampled animal, depending on endpoint
Environment: European feral populations with field sampling and molecular parasite work
Endpoints: feral occurrence, range expansion, microsporidian detection, environmental context.
What it can support: Feral populations and intracellular parasite associations exist in the sampled locations.
What it cannot support: One site value is not a care boundary, and field parasite detection is not a prevalence estimate for the aquarium trade.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/health, /care/quarantine, /care/filtration, /care/species, /care/surplus
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Rickward, Santostefano and Wilson, 2024. Ecology and Evolution 14(2): e11049.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina heteropoda
Study shape: Individuals were repeatedly measured to separate within-animal and among-animal behavioural variation.
Experimental unit: Repeatedly identified individual
Environment: Repeated laboratory behavioural assays
Endpoints: activity, boldness or refuge-related behaviour, repeatability.
What it can support: Individuals can differ consistently in selected measured behaviours.
What it cannot support: It does not make one short video a personality test or diagnose stress, sex, mating or disease.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/behaviour, /care/tankmates
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Rodriguez et al., 2024. Scientific Reports 14: 9536.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: Sequential concentration and exposure-time series assessed visible sedation, movement, image-derived heart rate and recovery in clean tank water.
Experimental unit: Individual shrimp immersion and observation; concentration series were run sequentially rather than as replicated aquaria
Environment: Individual 300 mL laboratory immersion baths using eugenol dissolved with ethanol
Endpoints: time to observed sedation, movement during sedation, image-derived heart rate, observable recovery.
What it can support: Eugenol immersion reduced movement and image-derived heart rate under the tested research protocol, with substantial individual response variation at lower concentrations.
What it cannot support: The study did not include an ethanol-only vehicle control, long-term survival or chronic sublethal follow-up. Observable recovery is not proof of no harm, and the research imaging protocol is not a home handling, treatment or euthanasia instruction.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/anatomy
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Morphology or taxonomy
Neocaridina identity evidence
Shih et al., 2024. Zoological Studies 63: 18.
Source taxon as published: Eight Neocaridina species or provisional lineages from Japan
Study shape: COI DNA barcoding, morphology and geographic context were combined to identify native, non-native and provisional Neocaridina lineages.
Experimental unit: Collected specimen and locality, with sequences interpreted within the sampled phylogeny
Environment: Museum-deposited specimens from eighteen sites in Kyushu and southern Honshu
Endpoints: morphological characters, COI haplotypes, species delimitation, geographic occurrence.
What it can support: Integrative evidence distinguished several co-occurring Neocaridina lineages and exposed limits of a single barcode or character.
What it cannot support: The Japanese field result does not identify a commercial colour line, establish ancestry from a photograph or resolve every competing species treatment.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/species, /care/genetics, /care/surplus
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Tropea and López Greco, 2024. Canadian Journal of Zoology 102(9): 721-734.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: Female reproductive timing and biochemical investment were compared with brothers, non-brothers or different male-presence conditions.
Experimental unit: Female or mating treatment unit
Environment: Laboratory relatedness and male-presence comparison
Endpoints: ovarian maturation, egg carotenoids, cholesterol, energy content.
What it can support: Relatedness changed selected reproductive timing and egg-composition outcomes under this protocol.
What it cannot support: These internal measures cannot diagnose an unseen home colony or prove commercial sources are related.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/genetics, /care/breeding
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
System observation or method study
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Yan et al., 2024. BMC Genomics 25: 570.
Source taxon as published: Baiyangdian Lake Neocaridina denticulata sinensis; identification method not reported
Study shape: Embryos were assigned by stereomicroscope appearance to four late embryonic stages. Twelve RNA sequencing libraries represented three pooled samples per stage, with about 50 embryos in each sample. Adjacent stages were compared for gene expression and pathway enrichment, and eight selected transcripts were checked by qRT-PCR.
Experimental unit: Pooled RNA sample containing about 50 embryos, with three pools per morphological stage; the number of females or broods contributing to each pool and independence among pools were not reported
Environment: Field-collected adults reared in an indoor recirculating aquaculture system with aeration; temperature, water chemistry, photoperiod, feed and spawning dates were not reported
Endpoints: stereomicroscope stage assignment, whole-embryo RNA sequencing, differential gene expression, GO and KEGG enrichment, putative eye-development, phototransduction, cuticle and molting-related genes, qRT-PCR expression of eight selected transcripts.
What it can support: The study operationally separated late embryos by visible eye development, from thin crescent-shaped black pigment at the first compound-eye stage to oval eyes and later zoea-stage morphology. Whole-embryo expression profiles changed across those stages, including higher late-stage expression of putative visual opsins and enrichment of phototransduction and chitin-related terms.
What it cannot support: The paper did not report embryo ages, elapsed time between stages, time to hatch, incubation temperature, water chemistry, photoperiod, brood count, clutch allocation, egg retention, hatch success, survival, deformity or post-hatch outcome. About 50 embryos were pooled per RNA sample, and unknown family contributions prevent treating every embryo as an independent replicate. Stage and maternal history were confounded. Pathway annotation and expression association do not prove that a gene or hormone caused eye formation, molting or hatching; qRT-PCR of eight selected transcripts was assay confirmation rather than an independent biological replication or functional perturbation. The source labels the final in-egg stage zoea, which must be preserved rather than converted into a hobby life-stage rule. Visible eyes therefore do not provide a universal hatch countdown, prove embryo viability or support a light, temperature, medication or handling recommendation.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/sexing
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Morphology or taxonomy
Neocaridina identity evidence
Yang et al., 2024. Current Issues in Molecular Biology 46: 12279-12298.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi, N. denticulata and N. heteropoda complex
Study shape: Morphological characters, mitogenomes, genetic distances and phylogeny were compared across three forms.
Experimental unit: Examined specimen and sequence
Environment: Integrative specimen study from the Baiyangdian drainage area
Endpoints: morphological differentiation, mitogenomic distance, phylogenetic placement.
What it can support: A published proposal to combine several named forms under Neocaridina denticulata.
What it cannot support: The current DecaNet authority has not adopted that proposal, and the paper does not identify aquarium stock from colour.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/species, /care/anatomy
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
System observation or method study
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Zhang et al., 2024. ScienceAsia 50(2): 2024043.
Source taxon as published: Aquarium-market animals printed as Neocaridina denticulata in the title and methods and as Neocaridina denticulata sinensis in parts of the results and discussion; no host diagnostic method or voucher was reported
Study shape: The authors reported 3,000 acclimated animals and destructive sampling of 150 shrimp every six hours. Sixty hepatopancreases per time were intended for three separate tubes of 20, but the sequence tables and heatmap contain only ten RNA-seq libraries distributed 2, 3, 3 and 2 across 06:00, 12:00, 18:00 and 24:00. De novo transcript assembly, pairwise differential-expression screening, annotation enrichment and qRT-PCR for Clk, Cry, Per and Tim were performed.
Experimental unit: The pooled RNA-seq library for transcript comparisons, with unequal 2, 3, 3 and 2 libraries across the four times and no explanation for the two missing intended libraries. The qRT-PCR unit is unresolved because the methods report three groups per time and five biological replicates per group while the figure displays three points per time.
Environment: Market-sourced shrimp acclimated for two weeks in recirculating tap water under a reported 12-hour light and 12-hour dark cycle at a natural daily temperature range of approximately 10 to 18 C, then sampled at 06:00, 12:00, 18:00 and 24:00 after feed had been withheld for at least 48 hours
Endpoints: de novo transcriptome assembly and database annotation, pairwise differential-expression counts, GO and KEGG enrichment labels, putative clock-related transcript annotation, qRT-PCR expression of Clk, Cry, Per and Tim.
What it can support: The study detected hepatopancreas transcripts annotated as Per, Tim, Clk, Cyc, Cry and 5-HT-related sequences and reported time-associated RNA profiles under its combined light, temperature and fasting history. The smallest reported pairwise contrast was 282 differentially expressed unigenes between 06:00 and 24:00. Among the four qRT-PCR targets, only Clk was reported as significantly different across sampling times.
What it cannot support: Sampling time changed together with light state, natural temperature and elapsed fasting history. There was no constant-temperature group, shifted photoperiod, constant-darkness condition, feeding-time treatment, repeated 24-hour cycle or time-randomized cohort, so the design cannot isolate an endogenous circadian rhythm, light effect, temperature effect or feeding-time effect. Tank number, volume, density, allocation, water chemistry, food formula and exact last-feeding time were omitted. The written tissue-pooling method is internally unclear, two of twelve intended sequencing libraries are unexplained and the qRT-PCR denominator conflicts with its figure. Differential-expression screening used raw p less than 0.05 and an absolute log2 fold-change threshold above 1 without a stated false-discovery correction; enrichment methods and cutoffs were incompletely reported. The 12:00 versus 18:00 total is printed as 983, while its 588-up and 350-down components total 938. Putative clock transcripts were assigned by sequence similarity without targeted sequence validation or a functional assay. qRT-PCR reused the transcriptomic sample set, reported one reference gene without efficiency or stability validation and does not provide independent replication. Pathway labels are not measured food intake, digestion, glucose, chitin turnover, molting, immunity, growth or health. The work does not establish a best feeding hour, night-feeding rule, light schedule, fasting schedule, temperature cause or home-care intervention.
Open the source.
Related source material:
Official open article and supplement PDF, NCBI BioProject PRJNA832034
Used in:
/care/feeding, /care/behaviour, /care/molting, /care/temperature
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Azarm-Karnagh, López Greco and Shafiei Sabet, 2023. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 11: 1091314.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: Two behavioural experiments each used 70 food-deprived shrimp, with 35 individual trials per playback condition and treatment order randomized across sequential trials.
Experimental unit: Individual trial in one experimental aquarium; aquarium and speaker arrangement were not independently replicated
Environment: Single laboratory test aquarium comparing 20-minute ambient playback near 96.54 dB with broadband playback near 110.40 dB re 1 micropascal over 400 to 2000 Hz
Endpoints: movement speed, horizontal position, feeding latency, food finding, food revisits, feeding distraction.
What it can support: In the tested aquarium, broadband playback changed horizontal distribution and several food-finding and feeding measures compared with ambient playback; total movement speed did not differ between treatments.
What it cannot support: One small-tank sound field cannot identify a safe equipment noise level. Particle motion was not measured, the aquarium was not replicated and divider removal coincided with playback onset for part of the design.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/behaviour
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Carvalho-Batista et al., 2023. Nauplius 31: e2023018.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: Ten shrimp from one sex or reproductive class shared an aquarium offering Java moss, wood, Egeria and rock shelters of about 250 square centimetres each. Shelter positions were varied, and the same group was counted repeatedly during eight 20-minute periods per day for three days.
Experimental unit: Ten-shrimp aquarium group, with five consecutive groups per sex or reproductive class and repeated observations of the same animals across 72 hours
Environment: Fifteen 23-litre laboratory aquarium groups at 23 C under a 12-hour light and 12-hour dark cycle, with red incandescent light used for night observations and no feeding during the 72-hour experiment
Endpoints: overall shelter occupancy, occupancy by shelter type, day and night shelter use, walking and swimming frequency.
What it can support: Across the tested groups, mean shelter use was 82.1 percent per observation, shelter use was higher by day than night, and Java moss was used most overall, followed by wood, while rock was used least.
What it cannot support: Shelter material, shape and structural complexity changed together, so the comparison does not isolate a live-plant, moss-species or complexity effect. The paper does not state a repeated-measures or aquarium-level model for the many observations of the same groups. Animals were not fed during the 72 hours, night observations used a red lamp, and no no-shelter, predator, stress, survival, growth or reproduction outcome was tested. The result does not make one plant required, define an ideal hidden percentage, diagnose stress or prove protection from fish.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/behaviour, /care/habitat, /care/tankmates
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Morphology or taxonomy
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Hoitsy et al., 2023. Magyar Allatorvosok Lapja 145(6): 351-358.
Source taxon as published: Owner-submitted captive Neocaridina davidi from multiple breeders; host-identification method not reported
Study shape: Owners submitted 15 shrimp from different breeders after seeing moving white organisms on the day of introduction or within the following days. The shrimp were photographed, and associated live worms were collected into water drops, examined by stereomicroscopy and light microscopy, and identified from stated morphological references.
Experimental unit: Selected submitted shrimp for carrier observations and an unreported number of removed worms for morphological identification; five shrimp shared each of three holding aquaria, but no treatment or outcome comparison was assigned
Environment: Fifteen selected diagnostic submissions held five per approximately 18-litre aquarium at reported pH 6.8, conductivity 300 microsiemens and 25 C during examination
Endpoints: visible worm count and body region, worm length, live worm morphology, species identification, presence of worm eggs in the branchial chamber.
What it can support: All 15 selected shrimp carried visible opalescent-white moving worms, with 2 to 8 observed on the head, antennae or rostral region. Examined worms were reported as 0.8 to 2.0 mm long and identified as Scutariella japonica using paired anterior projections, two eyespots, internal reproductive anatomy and a posterior horseshoe- or heart-shaped sucker. Some worms contained eggs, and eggs were visible through the lateral carapace in the branchial chamber.
What it cannot support: This was a selected diagnostic case series, not a prevalence, transmission, quarantine-duration, water-quality or source-risk study. Host identity was not independently verified, source counts and clustering were not reported, the number of worms examined was omitted, and no molecular confirmation, voucher or image-accession record was stated. The study measured no respiration, gill lesion, molting failure, growth, reproduction, mortality, spontaneous clearance or treatment outcome. Harm statements were literature synthesis, not observations in these 15 shrimp. Fenbendazole was mentioned in one discussion sentence without product, dose, exposure, allocation, control, efficacy, recurrence or host-safety data. It cannot support a treatment recipe, a claim that every white worm is S. japonica or use of treatment response as diagnosis.
Open the source.
Related source material:
University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest repository record and open PDF
Used in:
/care/health, /care/quarantine, /care/anatomy
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Morphology or taxonomy
Neocaridina identity evidence
Kusmintarsih et al., 2023. Biodiversitas 24(7): 3766-3773.
Source taxon as published: Market-sourced ornamental shrimp reported as Neocaridina denticulata from Purbalingga, Central Java; no voucher-based identification was reported
Study shape: Abdominal tissue from ten visibly labelled market samples was extracted. A custom primer designed from a Neocaridina denticulata mitochondrial reference amplified an approximately 545-base-pair CO1 fragment. Bidirectional sequences were assembled, compared with one primary BLAST reference and placed in a neighbour-joining tree with selected GenBank sequences and one distant outgroup.
Experimental unit: One destructive tissue sample per visible colour entry, with ten sequence entries in the result tables; the paper does not report vouchers, specimen IDs, seller or aquarium clustering, replicate extractions, independent PCR confirmation or public accession numbers for the new sequences
Environment: Shrimp collected in August 2019 from the Purbalingga ornamental fish market and transported to a laboratory; seller, source farm, number of source aquaria and prior breeding history were not reported
Endpoints: CO1 PCR band, assembled fragment length, BLAST identity, neighbour-joining placement, reported pairwise genetic distance.
What it can support: Within this market sample and assay, the ten sequence entries labelled dark red, bright red, black, white, blue-black combinations or yellow were reported at 98.24 to 99.29 percent identity to the same Chinese N. denticulata mitochondrial reference, and the study reported zero pairwise distance among its sampled sequences. Visible colour labels therefore did not separate those sampled entries into different reported CO1 groups.
What it cannot support: This is a ten-specimen convenience sample from one market, not a survey of named global trade lines, farms, sellers or source populations. Collection wording does not resolve whether specimens came from one seller, aquarium, brood or colony. No morphological key, sex-based diagnostic structures, voucher deposition, extraction blank, PCR negative control, replicate extraction or new sequence accession is reported, so the specimen identity and sequence audit cannot be independently reconstructed from the article. The blue lane in Figure 2 has no band, the figure numbers lanes 1 to 10 while the text refers to samples 2 to 11, and Table 2 reports ten sequence entries without a standalone blue entry. The methods and Figure 3 describe a Jukes-Cantor tree, while Table 3 is labelled Kimura 2 parameter. The article reports 0.00 distance among the study entries even though their BLAST identities to the same reference vary from 98.24 to 99.29 percent, and its new sequences are not shown as deposited accessions. Low branch support appears across several reference relationships, the outgroup is a tunicate rather than a closer atyid, and the selected reference labels include disputed or inconsistent Neocaridina names. A short mitochondrial fragment records one maternally inherited locus; it cannot establish nuclear ancestry, pedigree, relatedness, genetic purity, line stability, inheritance, hybrid status or the species identity of another shrimp based on colour or a matching seller label.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/species, /care/colours, /care/genetics
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Lima, 2023. UNESP undergraduate thesis, 22 pages.
Source taxon as published: Aquarium-shop Neocaridina davidi stock and aquarium-shop Biomphalaria glabrata; diagnostic methods and snail infection status were not reported
Study shape: Forty-two one-week-old shrimp were randomly selected and individually assigned as 14 animals per treatment to excess daily Sano S-PAK pellets, excised B. glabrata mantle, or an equal pellet-and-mantle offering. Animals were weighed every 14 days and sexed after 56 days.
Experimental unit: Individual 600 mL beaker containing one shrimp. The final analysis and figure contain 14 pellet, 13 snail-only and 13 mixed animals, but the loss of two of the 42 starters is not reconciled with the reported 100 percent survival.
Environment: Fifty-six-day laboratory feeding experiment at 25 C in individual 600 mL beakers with 1.6 g wet Java moss, daily partial water replacement and biofilm removal every 14 days
Endpoints: initial and final wet mass, mass gain, daily mass gain, specific growth rate, day-56 phenotypic sex, reported survival.
What it can support: Under this short individual-beaker protocol, the reported two-factor ANOVA detected no feeding-treatment main effect on mass gain and detected a sex main effect, with females gaining more mass than males.
What it cannot support: Failure to detect a treatment difference is not an equivalence or noninferiority test, and the small post-hoc sex groups were highly imbalanced. Food was offered in excess, but portion, consumed mass, leftovers, leaching and feed conversion were not measured. Snail mantle composition, pathogen screening, storage and water effects were not tested, and the snails had been raised on the same pellet used as the comparator. The abstract swaps the snail-only and mixed sex counts relative to the results, the stated 100 percent survival conflicts with 42 starters and 40 analyzed animals, and the mixed-female table mean of 0.335 g is impossible relative to the treatment final mass and plotted values. The paper reports no diet-by-sex interaction, exact treatment contrasts, power or raw data. It cannot establish that snail tissue is nutritionally complete, equivalent to formulated feed, pathogen-safe, humane to prepare, suitable as an infestation-control method or appropriate for routine home feeding.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/feeding, /care/growth, /care/health
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Morphology or taxonomy
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Maciaszek et al., 2023. Animals 13(10): 1616.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: One hundred shrimp from each of three locations within each source category were inspected individually in rostral, branchial, pereiopodal and pleopodal regions. Epibionts were isolated under clove-oil and ethanol sedation, identified morphologically at 500 to 1500x, and followed by an incompletely reported two-week quarantine observation. Prevalence models used source category and sex, microhabitat models used body region, and Spearman correlations assessed co-occurrence, egg production and molting.
Experimental unit: Individual examined shrimp nested within nine source locations and their transport bags; the reported individual-level GLMs do not describe source location or bag as a cluster or random effect
Environment: Nine hundred approximately 2.0 cm shrimp collected in November 2018 from three wild sites, three aquaculture-pond sources and three aquarium sources in Taiwan, then air-freighted in habitat water to Poland and inspected after a 10-hour acclimation in the transport-bag water
Endpoints: morphological identity and measurements, prevalence and mean intensity, co-occurrence, body-region distribution, egg-production association, molting association, observed cuticle traces and recolonization after molt.
What it can support: The authors distinguished Cladogonium kumaki, Monodiscus kumaki, Scutariella japonica and Holtodrilus truncatus, plus ciliates and rotifers. At least one recorded epibiont occurred on 688 of 900 shrimp and H. truncatus on 390 of 900. All four named taxa occurred in all four body regions with different distributions; H. truncatus was relatively associated with rostral and pereiopodal regions. Live H. truncatus and temnocephalids were observed leaving shed exuviae and seeking a host, sometimes recolonizing the nearby original shrimp.
What it cannot support: The source categories were observed, not assigned treatments, and are represented by only three locations each. Transport, ten-hour acclimation and microscopy handling may have changed organism abundance or location. Source-level clustering was not included in the reported GLMs, the sample was strongly female-skewed, and the sexing method was not stated. Morphological identification required microscopy and does not validate a phone-image diagnosis. Egg and molt analyses were correlational; the H. truncatus molt row reports rho -0.26 with p 0.847, an internally inconsistent combination for the surrounding interpretation. The quarantine allocation, denominator, water conditions, removal exposure and outcome measurements were not fully reported. Molting did not clear live worms, and the paper did not assign or compare a salt, medication or home-removal treatment. The sample is not prevalence for every seller, home colony or geographic trade route.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/health, /care/quarantine, /care/anatomy, /care/molting
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Melo, 2023. Doctoral thesis, Federal University of Minas Gerais.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: Separate total-ammonia and nitrite experiments used a control plus five treatments, two vessels per treatment and ten juveniles per vessel.
Experimental unit: Exposure vessel, not each shrimp
Environment: Renewed 96-hour acute laboratory exposures at about 25 C
Endpoints: 96-hour mortality, median lethal estimates, gill histology.
What it can support: Direct acute juvenile ammonia and nitrite exposure-response estimates with stated nitrogen reporting bases.
What it cannot support: A doctoral thesis with limited treatment replication does not provide chronic nitrate, chronic no-effect levels, transport limits or home targets.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/nitrogen, /care/water-changes, /care/health, /care/testing
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Razekenari et al., 2023. Aquatic Toxicology 259: 106519.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: Six nominal EE2 concentrations from 0 to 200 micrograms/L were assigned to three aquaria each, with 30 females per aquarium. Ten ready females per treatment were later mated in clean water with unexposed males, eggs were removed for artificial incubation and unexposed offspring were followed for 10 days across five successive spawns.
Experimental unit: The 8-litre exposure aquarium, with three aquaria per concentration; later mating, artificial-incubation and offspring units differed by endpoint
Environment: Eighteen 15-litre laboratory aquaria with 8 litres of useful water at 26 to 28 C, complete water replacement and redosing every two days during 210 days of nominal EE2 exposure
Endpoints: female survival, female weight and length, time to first spawning, interspawn interval, fecundity, egg volume, hatching, hatchling size, 10-day offspring size and survival.
What it can support: Under this nominal exposure protocol, females in the two lowest nonzero treatments were heavier and longer but produced fewer eggs and had lower hatching outcomes, while every nonzero treatment had lower adult survival than the control.
What it cannot support: Exposure concentrations were nominal and not analytically verified. The control was clean water rather than an ethanol-matched vehicle, the written stock-volume calculation conflicts with the reported maximum ethanol percentage and control survival was only 57.3 percent. Full water was replaced every two days, males and offspring were not directly exposed and eggs were artificially incubated. The study does not establish a household threshold, a beneficial low dose, an environmental safe level or an aquarium treatment.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/chemical-safety, /care/breeding, /care/growth
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Adjacent aquarium-system evidence
Scagnelli et al., 2023. Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine 44: 22-26.
Source taxon as published: Fishless freshwater aquarium systems, not a Neocaridina animal experiment
Study shape: Five aquaria each received a different commercial quick-start product and one aquarium was untreated after a 1.0 ppm ammonium-hydroxide addition.
Experimental unit: Aquarium, with one aquarium per product and one untreated control
Environment: Six ten-gallon freshwater aquaria followed for fourteen days
Endpoints: total ammonia nitrogen, nitrite, nitrate.
What it can support: Only one of five tested products produced lower total ammonia nitrogen than the control during this fourteen-day design.
What it cannot support: One aquarium per product provides no independent treatment replication and cannot certify or rank current products, prove instant cycling or establish animal-ready capacity.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/cycling, /care/filtration, /care/nitrogen
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Wijaya et al., 2023. Barakuda 45 5(1): 102-113.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi, red cherry study stock
Study shape: A Spirulina-tablet control and four market-vegetable treatments made from mustard greens, carrot, bean sprouts or cabbage were assigned to three aquarium compartments each. Vegetables were washed, boiled for about one minute at 72 C, fermented for five days in 600 mL water with 10 mL EM4 product and 20 mL molasses, then kept available ad libitum with twice-daily checks and replacement. Shrimp were stocked at a stated density of one per litre and 12 animals per aquarium were sampled every ten days.
Experimental unit: Aquarium compartment, with three compartments per feed; the exact integer starting count, hydraulic isolation of compartments and whether aquarium or sampled-animal values entered the ANOVA were not reported clearly
Environment: Fifteen nominal 30 by 30 by 30 cm aquarium compartments filled with 21.6 litres of water, aerated and supplied with two pots of hornwort for 40 days; reported water temperature was 26.3 to 26.8 C and pH was 7.32 to 7.83
Endpoints: absolute length gain, absolute weight gain, specific growth rate, survival, feed proximate composition, temperature, pH.
What it can support: Under this exact 40-day preparation and feeding protocol, the mustard-green, bean-sprout and cabbage groups were not statistically distinguished from the Spirulina-tablet control for the reported length gain, weight gain or specific growth rate, while the carrot group was lower. Reported survival did not differ statistically among treatments.
What it cannot support: Only three aquarium units represented each feed, the analysis unit was not explicit, and food was kept available ad libitum without an exact ration, measured intake, uneaten-feed recovery or leaching correction. Wet products differed substantially in moisture and proximate composition and were not balanced for dry matter, protein or energy. There was no unfermented-vegetable, EM4-only or molasses-only group, so the study cannot isolate fermentation, a vegetable ingredient or either additive. Survival means were only 63.33 to 71.66 percent, and the authors attributed many deaths to repeated measurement outside water. Only temperature and pH were reported. The result does not validate fresh or blanched grocery vegetables, market scraps, home fermentation, a complete vegetable diet, a food-safety procedure, a removal interval or replacement of a formulated food.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/feeding
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Zanitti et al., 2023. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 85(2): 181-190.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: Twenty-two aquaria were randomly assigned per treatment. Each began with one ovigerous female and two mature males and received control water or nominal 0.1 or 1 mg/L diclofenac. HPLC-MS/MS checks at 0 and 72 hours in two aquaria per treatment produced overall measured means of 0.0075, 0.1320 and 1.0730 mg/L, respectively. Mortality, molts, egg loss, hatching and ovarian rematuration were checked daily; surviving adults, broods, ovaries and male distal vas deferens supplied later endpoints.
Experimental unit: The 1.5-litre aquarium, with 22 aquaria per assigned treatment
Environment: Sixty-six 1.5-litre laboratory aquaria at 27 C, pH 7.5 and hardness 80 mg/L as CaCO3, with aeration, Java moss, daily ad-libitum feed and complete water replacement plus re-dosing three times weekly during 63 +/- 3 days
Endpoints: mortality, adult specific growth rate, successive spawning timing, hatching, juvenile count and morphology, female ovarian histology, male spermatophore histology.
What it can support: Under this 63-day laboratory protocol, aggregate mortality was 22.7, 39.4 and 45.5 percent, with only the 1 mg/L nominal treatment differing significantly from control. The higher treatment reduced survivor-conditioned female growth, the proportion of females hatching their first exposed brood and the proportion of advanced ovarian oocytes, shortened interspawn timing, and increased abnormal juveniles per female in the small second-spawn sample. Incubation time, male growth, male spermatophore structure and among-treatment hatchling counts did not differ significantly.
What it cannot support: The control was not an analytical zero: its two checks were 0.009 and 0.006 mg/L, for a 0.0075 mg/L mean. The lowest nonzero measured treatment averaged 0.1320 mg/L, and only two nonzero treatments were tested. Analytical checks covered two aquaria per treatment at two times. The first egg cohort had already developed partly before exposure, later brood and tissue endpoints were conditioned on female survival and successful spawning, the second-spawn abnormality result came from few females, and male dependency may not have been fully represented by aquarium in the analysis. Stock came from a dealer-derived laboratory colony without voucher or diagnostic identity confirmation; allocation blinding, feed intake, exposure-period nitrogen chemistry, tissue residues and offspring survival or growth were not reported. The preprint abstract can overstate the juvenile-count result because the paper reports no significant among-treatment decrease. The design does not establish a trace-effect threshold, safe household medication concentration, aquarium treatment, recovery, mechanism or multigeneration outcome. The SSRN and Research Square postings are duplicate preprint versions, not independent replication.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/chemical-safety, /care/breeding
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Morphology or taxonomy
Neocaridina identity evidence
Kakui and Komai, 2022. Aquatic Animals 2022: AA2022-1.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina sp. aff. davidi
Study shape: Associated worms and host shrimp were examined for a regional record and taxonomic identification.
Experimental unit: Collected host or associated worm specimen
Environment: Field-collected host and associated worm specimens from Hokkaido, Japan
Endpoints: worm identification, host association, regional occurrence.
What it can support: A method-based record of Scutariella japonica associated with the source host identification.
What it cannot support: Occurrence does not establish aquarium prevalence, severity, treatment efficacy or identification from a distant white shape.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/health, /care/quarantine, /care/pests, /care/species
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Kaya et al., 2022. Marine and Life Sciences 4(2): 146-151.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi, red cherry study stock
Study shape: A basal commercial feed, four feeds containing 1 to 4 g galacto-oligosaccharide per kg and four corresponding feeds also containing 1 mL Enterogermina per kg were assigned to three tanks each, with ten shrimp per tank for 30 days.
Experimental unit: Tank was the assigned treatment unit, with three tanks per diet and ten shrimp per tank; the published analysis did not state whether tank was modeled as the unit, and sex-specific groups were formed only after endpoint sexing
Environment: Twenty-seven 10-litre plastic tanks at 26 C with shelter, algae, twice-daily feeding to satiation and daily water measurements for 30 days
Endpoints: final body weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, survival.
What it can support: Under this 30-day protocol, some galacto-oligosaccharide diets with or without the Bacillus clausii product had higher reported mass and growth metrics than the basal-feed control. The 2 g galacto-oligosaccharide plus 1 mL product per kg group had the highest table values for several sex-specific growth and feed-conversion outcomes.
What it cannot support: There was no probiotic-only group, so the design cannot isolate a Bacillus clausii main effect or demonstrate synergy. Finished-feed bacterial viability, additive retention, galacto-oligosaccharide composition and actual consumed ration were not verified; feeding was to satiation and no consumption correction was described. The statistical unit and endpoint sex grouping are unclear, initial sex-specific weights were repeated even though sex was not detectable at allocation, and there were only three tanks per diet for 30 days. Survival language is internally inconsistent. No microbiome, colonization, immune, disease-challenge, pathogen, reproduction, colour, body-composition, histology or long-term endpoint was measured. A human probiotic product in experimental feed is not an aquarium-water dose, bacterial starter, medicine or universal food recipe.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/feeding, /care/growth, /care/health
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Kucera et al., 2022. Fishes 7(6): 323.
Source taxon as published: Neocardina heteropoda, as spelled in the paper
Study shape: Two sequential batches each assigned three tanks to polystyrene exposure and three tanks to control water; 10 shrimp per condition were measured after 7 and 14 days in each batch.
Experimental unit: Aquarium for exposure assignment; behaviour and oxygen consumption were then measured on selected individual shrimp
Environment: Laboratory aquaria at 20 C with 0.2 to 0.5 mm virgin polystyrene particles at a nominal 8 mg/L
Endpoints: swimming speed, acceleration, distance moved, standard metabolic rate, particle presence.
What it can support: At the tested particle size and nominal concentration, exposed shrimp showed greater activity measures and lower standard metabolic rate than controls, with speed and acceleration differences appearing by day 14.
What it cannot support: The published mixed model did not list aquarium as a random effect even though exposure was assigned by tank. One high nominal concentration, short duration and virgin spherical particles do not establish a household threshold, chronic outcome or effect of other plastics.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/chemical-safety
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Neocaridina identity evidence
Li et al., 2022. Journal of Experimental Biology 225(6): jeb243702.
Source taxon as published: Animals sold as Neocaridina heteropoda from a local aquatic market and cultured in the laboratory for more than six months; no voucher, morphology or molecular host-identification method reported
Study shape: A tracer pilot compared 1000 ng/uL dextran with 0.05 percent Phenol Red. For editing, three Nh-scarlet sgRNAs were designed using a partial Neocaridina sequence and the Penaeus vannamei genome as reference. Cas9 at 300 ng/uL and sgRNA at 200 ng/uL were delivered at about 0.8 nL per embryo; individual sgRNAs were checked at gastrula and all three were co-injected for the flea-larva eye-phenotype screen.
Experimental unit: Individual embryo for injection and phenotype screening. Twenty-eight injected embryos survived to the reported Neocaridina screen, but the initial number injected, maternal-clutch contributions, allocation, complete control structure and tracer-table denominator or replicate basis were not reported.
Environment: One-cell embryos removed from females four hours after spawning, placed on wet filter paper with the upper surface exposed to air, injected and irrigated three times daily with sterilized freshwater through in vitro development
Endpoints: embryo survival by developmental stage, Nh-scarlet expression by developmental stage, visible eye pigmentation and shape, target-region PCR and sequencing.
What it can support: The method delivered CRISPR/Cas9 material into ex vivo Neocaridina embryos and recovered target-region insertions, replacements or deletions with altered eye phenotypes in three of 28 surviving injected embryos: two with altered eye shape and one with an absent eye.
What it cannot support: The authors called 3 of 28 surviving injected embryos a 10 percent gene-editing efficiency; the denominator excludes embryos that did not survive, and the initial injected total was not reported. Screening was based on abnormal eyes, so phenotype-normal survivors were not shown to have been systematically genotyped. Some embryos contained more than one edited sequence, consistent with mosaicism. Off-target effects were not assessed, one sgRNA lacked detectable in vitro digestion, and exact family contributions, randomization, blinding and complete negative-control comparisons were not reported. The study ended at early development and did not test adult survival, health, body colour, fertility, germline transmission, F1 inheritance, stable-line creation, commercial grade, named-trade-line identity or a consumer genetic test. The invasive embryo method is a functional-genomics protocol, not a hobby breeding procedure.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/genetics, /care/colours, /care/anatomy, /care/breeding
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Morphology or taxonomy
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Lu et al., 2022. Zoomorphology 141: 283-295.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina denticulata sinensis
Study shape: The authors photographed eight source-defined embryonic stages in red, yellow and blue strains, then followed chromatophore type, form, number and distribution into early post-hatch development. Six individuals per strain were used for the detailed chromatophore observations after pigment cells appeared, and six individuals per stage per strain were dissected from metanauplius through membrane-zoea.
Experimental unit: Individual embryo or post-larva for microscopy, with six individuals per strain for detailed observations after pigment cells appeared; the paper reports one culture tank per strain, does not report family contributions to the selected eggs and does not clearly describe independence across repeated photographs or inferential comparisons
Environment: Red, yellow and blue laboratory strains cultured separately, with one strain cultured in a tank at 20 to 26 C and pH about 7.4; eggs were removed with a sodium chloride and trypsin solution, washed and cultured in a shaken 24-well plate before post-larvae were moved to a glass tank
Endpoints: chromatophore type, chromatophore form, chromatophore number, chromatophore diameter, chromatophore distribution, embryonic morphology.
What it can support: Under this in-vitro protocol, no chromatophores were reported before pre-nauplius, erythrophores were the first visible chromatophore type in all three strains at the source-defined metanauplius stage, and later stage-specific observations included leucophores in red and yellow, cyanophores in blue and xanthophores in yellow after hatching.
What it cannot support: This does not establish a universal grading age, predict adult grade from an embryo or juvenile, validate a commercial colour-line identity or reveal inheritance. One tank per strain confounds strain with tank history, family contributions were unknown and only six individuals per strain were used for detailed observations. The egg-removal, trypsin, washing, shaker and in-vitro culture protocol is not a home breeding method. Food was not assigned as a treatment, adult colour was not followed, and discussion explanations involving carotenoids, yolk or feeding relied partly on hypotheses or unpublished data rather than a diet experiment. The paper gives one-way ANOVA but does not fully report the comparison plan, repeated-measure handling, assumption checks or exact P values, and its figure and text leave some post-hatch photographic timing ambiguous.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/colours, /care/genetics
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Morphology or taxonomy
Neocaridina identity evidence
Onuki and Fuke, 2022. Conservation Genetics 23: 967-980.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina denticulata and invasive Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: Genome-wide SNPs, mitochondrial data and morphology were combined across sites.
Experimental unit: Field-collected specimen nested within site
Environment: Nineteen field sites around Lake Biwa
Endpoints: species assignment, population structure, site occurrence.
What it can support: Native and invasive lineages can require combined genetic and morphological evidence to distinguish.
What it cannot support: Colour or a seller label cannot reproduce the identification, and occurrence does not create aquarium care limits.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/species, /care/surplus
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Ostróżka et al., 2022. Micron 154: 103162.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: Midgut tissues were compared across dimethoate exposure and recovery intervals.
Experimental unit: Animal and prepared midgut tissue
Environment: One to three weeks of laboratory exposure followed by clean-water recovery
Endpoints: midgut tissue damage, cellular regeneration, recovery interval.
What it can support: The tested exposure damaged midgut tissues and recovery responses differed among organs and intervals.
What it cannot support: It does not establish that a fixed clean-water period clears an aquarium or restores every biological endpoint.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/chemical-safety, /care/anatomy, /care/health
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Santoso et al., 2022. Clarias: Jurnal Perikanan Air Tawar 3(1): 18-27.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina heteropoda
Study shape: Five transport durations of 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours were assigned in a completely randomized design with three bag replicates per duration. Bags were rocked every two hours. Arrival survivors were then observed for three days, but the holding vessel, allocation, feeding and transfer methods were not described.
Experimental unit: Transport bag for the arrival comparison, with three bags per duration. The article does not report shrimp per bag or identify the independent holding unit for the survivor-conditioned three-day follow-up.
Environment: Simulated closed transport in 15 by 30 cm conventional plastic bags with 125 mL settled well water, Hydrilla shelter, insulated packing and 15 minutes of rocking every two hours
Endpoints: arrival survival, three-day survival conditional on arrival survival, temperature and pH before transport, after transport and after holding, dissolved oxygen before transport, after transport and after holding, carbon dioxide after transport, test-kit result labelled ammonia or NH3 after transport.
What it can support: Under this incompletely specified conventional-bag package and rocking simulation, arrival survival differed across duration groups and declined from 96 percent at 24 hours to 54.17 percent at 120 hours. Reported three-day survival was conditional on having arrived alive and did not differ statistically among duration histories.
What it cannot support: Only three bags represented each duration, no zero-hour control was included, shrimp per bag, gas volume, oxygen-fill procedure and gas-to-water ratio were not reported, and source identity was not independently verified. The percentage increments are not permission to infer an omitted bag count. The study used arcsine-transformed survival with Kruskal-Wallis and pairwise Mann-Whitney tests but did not report exact test statistics or a multiplicity correction. Follow-up vessel count, volume, allocation, feeding, water exchange and transfer method were absent, so conditional survivor percentages are not replicated delayed-survival evidence or recovery to the original cohort. Carbon dioxide and the result labelled ammonia or NH3 were tabled only after transport, with no validated analyte basis, time series or toxicity analysis. The conventional package does not validate a breather bag, package density, shipping weather gate, ammonia threshold, acclimation rate, prompt-transfer protocol or acceptable maximum duration.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/acclimation
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Field observation
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Schneider et al., 2022. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 150: 125-130.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi; Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei and Microsporidium sp. EFB01 as named by the source
Study shape: Seventy-five ethanol-preserved adults were identified morphologically and screened for microsporidians by PCR from muscle tissue. Three randomly selected hosts received CO1 sequencing. Positive microsporidian amplicons were sequenced, compared with GenBank and placed in maximum-likelihood trees with 999 bootstrap replicates.
Experimental unit: Individual field-collected shrimp for PCR detection and carapace length; three randomly selected shrimp for host CO1 confirmation; one stream, one site and one sampling date for the population observation
Environment: One dip-net collection on 14 December 2021 from the Finkelbach, a German tributary of the River Erft, at 9 C, pH 7.65, dissolved oxygen 9.8 mg/L and reported conductivity 620 microS/cm
Endpoints: host identification, PCR-positive microsporidian count, sequence similarity, phylogenetic placement, sex, carapace length, visible epibiont and parasite examination.
What it can support: Four of 75 sampled shrimp were PCR positive for microsporidians. Three yielded sequences reported as 99.56 percent similar to Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei isolates, although only two were suitable for phylogenetic analysis; the fourth yielded the unresolved Microsporidium sp. EFB01 sequence. The three host CO1 sequences were 99.68 percent similar to one Taiwanese N. davidi reference.
What it cannot support: This is a one-date field detection from one German stream, not an aquarium-trade prevalence estimate or a transmission study. Only three hosts received molecular confirmation, and the paper does not report extraction blanks, PCR negative controls, product lengths, histology, tissue lesions, clinical signs, survival, transmission tests or treatment. PCR from muscle tissue cannot establish visible diagnostic characters or disease severity. The three E. hepatopenaei-positive shrimp were smaller than the 71 uninfected shrimp, but no supported inferential comparison was reported and three positives cannot establish growth suppression. Sequence similarity does not establish where either organism originated, that N. davidi introduced it, pathogenicity to native fauna, zoonotic risk or a home treatment.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/health, /care/quarantine, /care/surplus
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Tropea, Marciano and López Greco, 2022. Zoology 151: 125990.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: Females were paired with brothers or non-brothers and offspring were followed through separate brood and juvenile endpoints.
Experimental unit: Mating pair or offspring culture group, depending on endpoint
Environment: Laboratory sibling and non-sibling mating comparison
Endpoints: mating, egg count, hatch count, juvenile survival, growth under feeding treatments.
What it can support: Mating and early egg measures can look similar while later hatch and juvenile outcomes differ after one full-sibling generation.
What it cannot support: It does not establish a founder minimum, multigeneration decline, colour loss, disease effect or calendar-based outcross schedule.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/genetics, /care/colours, /care/breeding
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Field observation
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Bauer et al., 2021. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 146: 107-115.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: Twenty submitted shrimp were assessed with clinical examination, wet mounts, microbiology, histology and sequencing of green pleopodal structures.
Experimental unit: Submitted shrimp, tissue section or algal sample, depending on method
Environment: Diagnostic examination of an imported commercial group during a multifactorial outbreak
Endpoints: organism morphology, sequence placement, cuticle penetration, co-occurring microbes, outbreak mortality history.
What it can support: The green organism was placed near Trentepohliales and rhizoids were observed penetrating cuticle into subcutaneous tissue.
What it cannot support: The multifactorial case does not assign every death to the alga, establish prevalence or let a green phone image confirm the organism.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/health, /care/quarantine, /care/anatomy
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Klein, Hess, Nungess, Schulte-Oehlmann and Oehlmann, 2021. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28: 62246-62254.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina palmata, White Pearl variety as purchased
Study shape: One independent run used eight one-shrimp vessels per treatment. A 24-hour concentration series compared fluorescent polyethylene bead mixtures or milled polyvinyl chloride fragments, a separate fragment series added food, and separate groups exposed at 20000 particles/L were either sampled immediately or moved to particle-free vessels with food for four hours.
Experimental unit: Individual 500 mL vessel and shrimp; seven to eight surviving replicates per treatment in one independent run
Environment: Individual shrimp in 500 mL laboratory vessels containing reconstituted water, with particles settled before each 24-hour exposure
Endpoints: particles in rinsed whole-shrimp lysate, particles recovered from excretions, body length, sex, observed mortality.
What it can support: Under this protocol, mean particle recovery in whole-shrimp lysates rose across the 24-hour concentration series, smaller beads were recovered more often than larger beads, particles appeared in four-hour excretion samples and adding food did not produce a significant fragment-uptake difference.
What it cannot support: The source used N. palmata rather than N. davidi and did not independently verify the White Pearl trade identity. Shape was confounded with polymer, size distribution, suspension preparation and optical detection; fragments at or below 5 micrometres were excluded. The supplement reports group summaries rather than animal-level data, one incomplete nominal-versus-actual concentration example, separate highly variable immediate and four-hour groups and no outlier identities or corrected results. Three deaths across different treatments do not establish particle toxicity. Whole-animal lysate cannot localize particles to gut or tissue, and the study measured no chronic survival, growth, reproduction, histology or home-aquarium threshold.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/chemical-safety
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Klein, Hess, Schulte-Oehlmann and Oehlmann, 2021. PeerJ 9: e12442.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina palmata, White Pearl variety as purchased; identity was not independently verified
Study shape: Four material-by-weathering experiments each used eight one-shrimp vessels per concentration at 0.40, 1.00, 2.50, 6.25 or 15.6 g plastic equivalents/L plus medium, DMSO and lethal sodium-chloride controls. Movement was recorded on days 1, 3, 7 and 14. Separate three-run Microtox tests used the same pooled extracts.
Experimental unit: Individual 600 mL beaker containing one shrimp and 200 mL medium for the in vivo response; duplicate 24-hour leachates were combined into one extract per material and weathering condition, so shrimp vessels did not independently replicate leachate preparation
Environment: Adult shrimp held individually for 14 days in 200 mL of reconstituted water with concentrated, particle-filtered extracts from one recycled LDPE material or one starch-blend foil
Endpoints: moved distance, frozen events, daily observed mortality, daily molting, body length, sex, Aliivibrio fischeri luminescence inhibition.
What it can support: The concentrated extracts inhibited bacterial luminescence, but moved distance and frozen events in shrimp showed high individual variation, few isolated differences and no consistent concentration-response across the four material-by-weathering experiments.
What it cannot support: The in vivo treatments were particle-filtered extracts expressed as source-plastic equivalents, not particles, identified chemical doses or aquarium-product exposures. The two leachate duplicates were pooled, extracts were 5000-fold concentrated, the study did not chemically analyze its own mixtures and the lethal sodium-chloride group was excluded from the 896-trajectory analysis. Two locomotor endpoints cannot establish overall safety or absence of harm. The work did not test N. davidi, growth, reproduction, histology, chronic exposure, natural weathering or a home-aquarium threshold. Four raw XLSX supplements were available but could not be audited in this intake because the required workbook runtime was unavailable.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/chemical-safety, /care/behaviour
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Maciaszek et al., 2021. Animals 11(4): 1071.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: Groups of three same-morph shrimp were acclimated for one hour and filmed for one hour across shade, colour and pattern choices, usually with eight dish replicates.
Experimental unit: Dish containing three shrimp, not each occupancy observation
Environment: Short laboratory choice trials in circular dishes at 20 to 21 C with printed shade and pattern backgrounds
Endpoints: time in background zones, shade choice, pattern choice, photographic body shade.
What it can support: The tested morph groups preferred darker over lighter backgrounds during the short choice trials, with some morph-specific pattern results.
What it cannot support: The trials did not measure long-term welfare, stress, growth, survival, reproduction or a required aquarium substrate.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/habitat, /care/behaviour, /care/colours
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Field observation
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Onuki, 2021. Crustacean Research 50: 33-39.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: Section-level shrimp counts were related to measured plants, water depth, current velocity, temperature and sediment using spatially adjusted generalized linear mixed models.
Experimental unit: Two or four square metre stream section, depending on sampling month
Environment: Twelve sections of an urban spring-fed stream sampled from September through November 2019
Endpoints: adult density, juvenile density, body size, environmental associations.
What it can support: Adult density was positively associated with emergent plants, while juvenile density was negatively associated with measured current velocity in this stream.
What it cannot support: This observational field association does not assign aquarium flow, compare filter types, identify a turnover rate or make the observed density a home-aquarium capacity.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/filtration
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Siregar et al., 2021. Antioxidants 10(3): 391.
Source taxon as published: Research-centre animals labelled Neocaridina denticulata; no diagnostic or molecular identification method reported
Study shape: A commercial 28.8 percent imidacloprid formulation was diluted to nominal 0.03125, 0.0625, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5 and 1 ppm for up to 96 hours. The paper describes 20 shrimp in one 200 mL plastic tank per treatment and 12 animals per group for movement, heartbeat and maxilliped-movement endpoints. A separate four-group series placed 24 animals per 500 mL tank, exposed three groups to nominal 1 ppm imidacloprid for 24 hours, then transferred them to fresh water or nominal 0.1 or 1 ppm acetylcholine for three days.
Experimental unit: Exposure tank for treatment assignment, apparently one tank per concentration or rescue group; individual shrimp were later measured in multiwell plates. Repeated video recordings and animal-level measurements do not create independent treatment-tank replication.
Environment: Small plastic exposure tanks using reverse-osmosis water at pH 7.0 to 7.5 after seven days of laboratory holding at 26.5 C
Endpoints: tracked distance and immobilization, image-derived heartbeat, maxilliped movement used as a gill-ventilation proxy, whole-animal oxidative-stress and energy-metabolism kit measurements, fresh-water and acetylcholine post-exposure trajectories, surrogate-protein molecular docking.
What it can support: Under this formulation and fasting protocol, imidacloprid-treated groups showed lower tracked movement across 24 to 72 hours, and higher nominal treatments had lower heartbeat and maxilliped-movement rates at 96 hours. The small whole-animal assay series reported no group differences in its selected oxidative-stress or energy-metabolism measures.
What it cannot support: Independent exposure tanks, random allocation, formulation-only controls and measured water concentrations were not reported. The text conflicts between 12 endpoint animals and 20 exposed animals per group, and treatment is confounded with the apparent single tank while animal measurements are analysed as replicates. Starvation changed heartbeat and maxilliped movement, acetylcholine itself changed the measured endpoints, and the rescue comparison also appears to use one tank per group. Docking used a snail acetylcholine-binding protein rather than a shrimp receptor and cannot prove the in vivo mechanism. The study does not validate acetylcholine as an antidote, identify imidacloprid from behaviour, establish recovery, chronic safety, a plant or flea-product rule, an aquarium dose or a universal threshold.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/chemical-safety, /care/behaviour, /care/health
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Tomas et al., 2021. Acta Zoologica 102(3): 297-309.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: Reproductive, pigmentation and biochemical outcomes were compared across three assigned temperatures.
Experimental unit: Temperature treatment aquarium
Environment: Laboratory aquaria at 20, 24 and 28 C
Endpoints: survival, ovarian maturation, ovigerous females, weight, colour, spermatophore quality.
What it can support: Lower temperature delayed ovarian maturation in this protocol while survival remained above 90 percent in every treatment.
What it cannot support: It does not make every temperature in the tested range equivalent or establish chronic survival outside the study duration.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/temperature, /care/breeding, /care/colours
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Morphology or taxonomy
Neocaridina identity evidence
Zhou et al., 2021. Ecology and Evolution 11: 10502-10514.
Source taxon as published: Freshwater shrimp including Neocaridina davidi and Neocaridina denticulata
Study shape: Male morphology, COI barcodes and several molecular-delimitation methods were compared across freshwater shrimp samples.
Experimental unit: Collected specimen and sequence, nested within sampling locality
Environment: About 1,200 field specimens from forty-six sites in Henan Province
Endpoints: morphological identification, COI haplotype, molecular operational taxonomic unit, genetic distance.
What it can support: Morphological variation and molecular partitions did not reduce to one simple visual species rule in the sampled freshwater shrimp.
What it cannot support: The survey does not authenticate aquarium trade names, grades, purity or lineage, and a COI similarity threshold is not a universal species test.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/species, /care/genetics
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Budi et al., 2020. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences 44(2): 456-462.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: Visible ovary stages were paired with histology and fecundity observations.
Experimental unit: Individual female
Environment: Laboratory culture of a red stock at 28 to 29 C
Endpoints: ovarian stage, histology, fecundity.
What it can support: A visible ovary can support female-sex and ovarian-stage observations under the documented criteria.
What it cannot support: A hidden ovary does not prove male sex, and the stage timing is not a universal spawning countdown.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/anatomy, /care/sexing, /care/breeding
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
System observation or method study
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Fairfield, 2020. Doctoral thesis, University of East Anglia.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: Two cross-sectional analytical-method studies compared proposed molecular age markers across bounded-age aquarium cohorts. One measured global DNA methylation in 100 samples from four age groups using a commercial ELISA kit. The other sequenced amplified mitochondrial DNA from 151 samples across seven age groups, with 128 empirical samples passing sequencing and mapping quality control and 127 retained after the prespecified influence review removed one 40-day outlier.
Experimental unit: Individual tissue sample nested within one selected cohort aquarium for each sampled age group. Cohorts began with 5 to 7 berried females fertilized within eight days of one another, age was assigned from the first female fertilization date and therefore represented a maximum rather than exact age, and the 7-day egg group came from one female. The thesis does not establish independent replicate cohort tanks within an age comparison.
Environment: Commercial red cherry shrimp reared in university cohort aquaria containing equal parts dechlorinated tap and reverse-osmosis water at 22 to 24 C and fed commercial fish wafers ad libitum
Endpoints: global DNA methylation by ELISA, ELISA technical and plate variability, mitochondrial sequence coverage, point heteroplasmy count, haplotype reconstruction, variant-caller and technical-replicate checks.
What it can support: After recalibrating inconsistent ELISA standards, global DNA methylation differed across the four age groups because the 40-day group was higher than juvenile and adult groups; juvenile and adult groups did not differ. The author concluded that this kit-based global measure was not a reliable chronological-age marker. Across approximately 6 kb of mitochondrial sequence in 127 retained shrimp, the number of point heteroplasmies did not differ among seven groups from 7 to 210 days after fertilization once one influential 40-day animal was removed. The second method therefore did not yield a usable age marker under this protocol.
What it cannot support: This was not a hatch-to-death survival or lifespan study. The repeatedly cited approximately 13-month captive lifespan came from another source and was used only to describe sampling coverage. One selected tank per age group leaves age inseparable from cohort-tank, family and shared-history effects; the egg group came from one mother; age windows were based on fertilization rather than observed hatch; sex, family contributions, starting denominators, deaths and censoring were not reported; and only 5 of 9 sampled 210-day animals passed quality control. The methylation result depended on recalibrated controls after only 30 of 100 raw readings fell within the supplied standard curves, with 61.7 percent inter-plate variation before recalibration. Probable amplification of nuclear mitochondrial copies affected roughly 9.5 kb, technical replicate counts agreed only 71 percent of the time and the retained approximately 6 kb represented about 39 percent of the mitogenome. Cross-sectional destructive samples were different animals, not longitudinal records. Do not use this source to claim a 13-month lifespan, label an individual old, infer age from appearance, sell an age test, establish line inheritance or diagnose oxidative damage.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/growth, /care/genetics
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
System observation or method study
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Gomez-Nieves and Gomez-Hernandez, 2020. Revista Investigacion Pecuaria 7(1): 19-23.
Source taxon as published: Laboratory cherry shrimp labelled Neocaridina heteropoda and Neocaridina sp.; identification method not reported
Study shape: Eighteen selected laboratory broodstock, 12 females and six males, were distributed two females to one male across six aquaria and observed for ten months. Length was sampled every 15 days and physicochemical parameters monthly. The paper reports reproductive and size observations but describes only a Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test.
Experimental unit: Aquarium for the six three-animal groups and individual for some length and reproduction observations; all aquaria received the same management, offspring allocation was not described and animal losses changed density among units
Environment: Six nominal 2-litre glass aquaria near windows at 22 C with Riccia fluitans, fish feed to satiation and a stated dissolved-oxygen target of 2 to 3 mg/L
Endpoints: female and male total length, reported age at sexual maturity, spawns per female, egg count, reported ontogenic duration, temperature and monthly water context.
What it can support: In this small laboratory series, selected adults reproduced at 22 C. The paper reports mean reproductive-phase lengths of 31.3 mm for females and 26.5 mm for males and 2.75 spawns per female during the ten-month observation.
What it cannot support: The source began with selected broodstock averaging 31 mm for females and 26 mm for males, so those animals cannot establish age at first maturity. The methods do not define an F1 starting denominator, hatch dates, offspring allocation or age-assignment procedure even though the abstract and conclusion report maturity in weeks. The abstract gives ranges of 12.1 to 14 weeks for males and 14.2 to 16.4 for females, while the conclusion gives single values of 12.1 and 14.2 weeks. Egg counts of 18 to 33 and ontogenic duration of 18 to 25 days appear in the abstracts but are not supported by a reported observation schedule, denominator or results table. The container description conflicts between 0.20 cubic metres, 0.20 square metres and 2000 mL. Species identification was not reported and a figure labels the animals only Neocaridina sp. Monthly water results were not published. A Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test does not by itself establish the between-unit differences shown, and the text conflicts between p less than 0.01 and a figure caption using p less than 0.05. Mortality changed density among units. The work cannot validate a maturity age, maturity-size threshold, incubation calendar, universal spawning rate, stocking ratio, 22 C optimum or dissolved-oxygen target.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/sexing, /care/growth, /care/breeding
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
System observation or method study
Neocaridina identity evidence
Huang et al., 2020. Marine Biotechnology 22: 772-785.
Source taxon as published: Supplier-sourced super red shrimp and chocolate shrimp labelled Neocaridina denticulata, plus a native black-shell strain used in marker development; no voucher or diagnostic identity method was reported
Study shape: RNA from three young super red and three young chocolate shrimp supplied one aggregate sequencing result per phenotype on an Illumina HiSeq 2000. Transcriptome SSR candidates were screened by PCR, sixteen amplified, and five polymorphic loci were reported across offspring from super red, chocolate and reciprocal crosses. Supplementary Figure S4 reports the largest eight females and males from each source strain as parents and three families per cross group.
Experimental unit: The transcriptome comparison appears to contain one pooled library per phenotype rather than independent biological libraries. The paper states 50 offspring in each of four cross groups, but Table 6 frequencies for both reciprocal hybrids occur in eighths and no individual genotype file, missing-call denominator, family allocation or family-aware analysis is supplied.
Environment: Separate supplier strains maintained in a flow-through breeding system at 22 to 25 C, pH 6.5 to 7.0 and GH 3 to 4; tank count, strain allocation and family history before the reported crosses were not defined
Endpoints: assembled transcriptome and annotation, phenotype-group expression counts, SSR discovery and PCR feasibility, allele and genotype counts, heterozygosity and polymorphic information content, genotype frequencies across four cross groups.
What it can support: The study developed five polymorphic transcriptome-derived SSR loci and found different genotype-frequency patterns among its sampled Larmax super red, chocolate and reciprocal-cross groups. The loci are candidates for population and cross validation within the sampled breeding material.
What it cannot support: One apparent pooled RNA library per phenotype cannot support replicated differential-expression inference. The study did not report standardized colour measurements, individual phenotypes, complete genotype denominators, parent-to-offspring assignments, Mendelian segregation, linkage, causal variants, blind classification or an independent validation population. The stated 200-offspring method conflicts with hybrid frequencies in eighths, and the claimed 4.31 percent single-marker and 0.0018 percent combined-marker misrecognition rates are not derived in the article or supplements and were not measured on a held-out test set. Multiple genotype tests were reported without a multiplicity correction and p values were printed as 0.000. These loci do not certify purity, pedigree, ancestry, diversity, Blue Dream, Sunkist, Bloody Mary or any other seller line, and super red is not evidence for equivalence to a current red trade name.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/genetics, /care/colours, /care/breeding, /care/species
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Ismandar, Dewantoro and Rachimi, 2020. Borneo Akuatika 2(1): 1-7.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina denticulata sinensis
Study shape: Four target-water cooling treatments of 13, 15, 17 and 19 C were compared with three replicate groups per treatment. The report says temperature was lowered gradually to the target over or for 10 minutes, animals were packed without water at a nominal 17 C package temperature, and the insulated box traveled for 24 hours in a closed vehicle.
Experimental unit: Replicate transport group within a temperature treatment. The methods report 120 shrimp total, four treatments, three replicates and parenthetically 10 shrimp per treatment; those figures are compatible only if 10 means per replicate, so the written animal-unit description is internally inconsistent.
Environment: Low-temperature dry transport in a 30 by 30 by 40 cm insulated box layered with ice, Imperata grass, shrimp, grass and ice after gradual cooling; the package was intended to remain at 17 C
Endpoints: survival immediately after 24-hour transport, time from normal behaviour to reported immobility, time from reported immobility to movement or consciousness response, cooling behaviour, group mean weight change.
What it can support: The results table reports immediate post-transport survival of 86.67 +/- 5.77, 76.67 +/- 11.55, 50.00 +/- 10.00 and 33.33 +/- 5.77 percent for the 13, 15, 17 and 19 C target groups. The same groups had reported induction times of 203, 341, 431 and 530 seconds and reported recovery-response times of 3, 5, 28 and 33 minutes. Survival at 13 and 15 C was not statistically different in the article.
What it cannot support: This atypical dry chilled protocol is not a conventional or gas-permeable water bag and does not validate home cooling or anesthesia. The abstract mislabels treatment B as 13 C while giving the 15 C result, the results table gives higher survival and lower weight change at 13 C, and the conclusion calls 15 C best without resolving that conflict. The text also reports panic-like behaviour at 15 to 17 C while the conclusion says gradual cooling avoided a panic phase. The cooling wording does not distinguish ramp duration from a target-temperature hold, grass moisture and conditioning were not specified, and no package-temperature trace, detailed checks, recovery-water method, recovery denominator or delayed survival was reported. The weight-change formula uses grams while the table uses milligrams, the abstract reports 0.1 mg while the body reports 0.01 mg for 13 C, and recovery time was not included in the stated ANOVA plan even though the conclusion calls it significantly affected. Loss of balance, weak response and immobility were experimental endpoints, not normal receiving signs or permission to reproduce the protocol.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/acclimation
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Li et al., 2020. Journal of Experimental Biology 223: jeb223529.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina heteropoda
Study shape: MicroRNA, PFK and related metabolism were manipulated with RNA interference, agomirs, antagomirs and hormone treatments.
Experimental unit: Treated animal or prepared biological sample, depending on endpoint
Environment: Laboratory molecular and physiological manipulation
Endpoints: PFK expression, ecdysis interval, body length, metabolites, protein-synthesis signalling.
What it can support: The tested miR-26 and PFK pathway manipulations changed molt interval and body-length outcomes.
What it cannot support: The invasive molecular treatments are not aquarium interventions and do not support a food, mineral or oxygen recipe.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/molting, /care/growth, /care/genetics
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
System observation or method study
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Mahmoud, Sastranegara and Kusmintarsih, 2020. Biodiversitas 21(6): 2396-2402.
Source taxon as published: Market-sourced animals labelled Neocaridina denticulata and Neocaridina palmata; identification method not reported
Study shape: Thirty market-sourced animals per labelled species, 15 male and 15 female, first shared one aquarium per species. Fifteen ovigerous females per species were later described as moving to individual aquaria for egg and hatch observations, after which healthy offspring were reared and measured through a reported maturity sequence. Only descriptive statistics were stated.
Experimental unit: One initial aquarium per labelled species, so species and tank were confounded; the number, size and independence of the later female and offspring aquaria were not reported, and individual offspring tracking was not described
Environment: One 30-litre aquarium per labelled species with powerhead filtration, aeration, white stone, Java moss, twice-daily 40 percent protein pellets, partial water renewal every three weeks and naturally varying 25 to 28 C water
Endpoints: adult and post-hatching total length, egg length and width, attached egg count per female, reported time to life-stage labels, temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, nitrate, ammonia.
What it can support: Under the reported culture history, the market-sourced groups produced attached eggs and direct-developing shrimp-like young. Fifteen females under each label supplied reported egg-count ranges of 21 to 60 for N. denticulata and 21 to 58 for N. palmata, and photographed post-hatching young measured about 3.3 mm at 24 hours.
What it cannot support: Species identity rested on market sourcing, colour and photographs without a diagnostic key or molecular confirmation. With one initial aquarium per label, species and tank were confounded, preventing an independent species comparison. Female isolation, offspring allocation, starting hatch denominators, survival, losses and repeated-animal tracking were not reported. The stated June 14 to August 10 breeding interval does not reconcile with 75-day and 80-day observations. Tables place ranges in columns labelled Means while also giving separate standard deviations, figures and axes are inconsistently numbered or labelled, and no inferential model is reported. Temperature and pH varied within the same systems rather than being assigned, so plots cannot establish 27 C as an optimum or any pH effect. The water methods, analyte bases and nitrogen interpretation are incomplete, and nitrite named in the abstract is not reported in the tables. Calling the direct-developing young larvae and describing a planktonic phase conflict with the better-resolved N. davidi developmental literature. The source cannot establish a universal 15-day incubation, 75-day maturity calendar, water-quality threshold, species difference or cultivation optimum.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/sexing, /care/growth, /care/breeding, /care/parameters, /care/nitrogen
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Sganga and López Greco, 2020. Aquaculture Research 51: 5029-5039.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: Commercial diets were compared across female reproduction and offspring endpoints.
Experimental unit: Diet treatment group or female, depending on endpoint
Environment: Laboratory commercial-diet comparison
Endpoints: female reproduction, egg outcomes, offspring quality.
What it can support: Diet treatment can change selected reproductive and offspring measures.
What it cannot support: It does not validate every product, a universal ingredient list or a single feeding schedule.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/feeding, /care/breeding
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Tomas et al., 2020. Aquaculture Nutrition 26: 1198-1210.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: Defined diets were compared for biochemical, pigmentation and male reproductive outcomes.
Experimental unit: Diet treatment culture unit
Environment: Laboratory diet comparison
Endpoints: carotenoids, visible colour, biochemical composition, spermatophore quality.
What it can support: Diet can change measured phenotype and biochemical outcomes under a defined protocol.
What it cannot support: Visible colour change is not inherited grade, genetic purity or proof that one diet is complete for every life stage.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/feeding, /care/colours, /care/genetics
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Tomas, Sganga and López Greco, 2020. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 51(3): 775-787.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: Background and shelter conditions were assigned and female pigmentation was followed for 90 days.
Experimental unit: Treatment aquarium
Environment: Laboratory background and shelter treatment
Endpoints: visible pigmentation, astaxanthin.
What it can support: Background can change measured visible pigmentation under a defined protocol.
What it cannot support: It does not establish that dark substrate changes genotype, prevents stress or improves inherited grade.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/colours, /care/habitat, /care/genetics, /standard
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Viau et al., 2020. Aquaculture Research 51: 3847-3864.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: The full life cycle and juvenile outcomes were followed while comparing conditioned artificial substrates.
Experimental unit: Substrate treatment culture unit
Environment: Designed laboratory biofilm culture across substrate treatments
Endpoints: juvenile survival, growth, biomass, biochemical reserves, reproduction.
What it can support: The tested biofilm community supported the life cycle and substrate treatment changed juvenile outcomes.
What it cannot support: It does not establish that any home-aquarium film is complete food or that tank age measures grazing value.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/feeding, /care/habitat, /care/algae, /care/breeding, /care/cycling
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Elmas, 2019. Izmir Katip Celebi University MSc thesis.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: Two commercial grow-out feeds and feeding once or three times daily formed a two-by-two design with three aquaria per treatment, ten shrimp per aquarium and a starting sex ratio of six females to four males.
Experimental unit: The 40-litre aquarium, with three aquaria per feed and frequency combination
Environment: Twelve 40-litre laboratory aquaria at about 26 C across a 12-week feeding trial with twice-weekly 25 percent water changes
Endpoints: feed consumption, weight, total length, carapace length, survival, shed exoskeleton count, egg and hatch measures, carapace lightness and colour coordinates.
What it can support: Under this exact protocol, feeding frequency changed several growth, survival, shed-exoskeleton and reproductive outcomes, while the two tested products also differed for selected reproductive and colour measures.
What it cannot support: The daily ration was not reported, feed consumption differed among groups and the products differed in more than their intended species. Shed exoskeletons were counted by aquarium rather than linked to identified individuals. The thesis does not establish three daily meals for a home colony, isolate an ingredient effect or provide a pellet amount.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/feeding, /care/molting
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Morphology or taxonomy
Neocaridina identity evidence
Han et al., 2019. BMC Genetics 20: 86.
Source taxon as published: Four Neocaridina species or provisional lineages from Taiwan
Study shape: COI sequences, phylogeographic structure and demographic models were used to infer species boundaries and colonization histories.
Experimental unit: Collected specimen, haplotype and sampled locality depending on analysis
Environment: Four hundred seventy-nine specimens from thirty-five Taiwanese localities
Endpoints: COI lineage, haplotype structure, species delimitation, colonization-time inference.
What it can support: The sampled Taiwanese Neocaridina contained multiple geographically structured lineages with different inferred histories.
What it cannot support: Phylogeographic inference does not establish the ancestry, relatedness, purity or species of a commercial colour morph.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/species, /care/genetics, /care/surplus
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Hu et al., 2019. Environmental Pollution.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: Defined fenoxycarb and methoprene exposures were compared with controls.
Experimental unit: Exposure treatment culture unit
Environment: Chronic laboratory chemical exposure
Endpoints: body length, molting frequency, cuticle-related pathways, metabolism.
What it can support: The tested insecticides changed growth, molting and molecular outcomes under the exposure design.
What it cannot support: It does not establish that every pesticide acts the same way or identify a home exposure from behaviour or molting alone.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/chemical-safety, /care/molting, /care/health
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Kong et al., 2019. Hydrobiologia 827: 75-87.
Source taxon as published: River-collected Neocaridina denticulata, retained as published
Study shape: Four treatments separated litter alone, direct shrimp contact with feces falling away, feces contact without direct shrimp contact, and shrimp plus litter plus feces together. Each shrimp unit held eight animals and 3 g of air-dried cattail litter. Four independently prepared buckets represented each treatment at each 35-day destructive harvest, for 64 buckets total. Filtered river water was replaced weekly.
Experimental unit: Four-litre bucket, with four independent buckets per treatment and harvest time; the paper describes destructive treatment-by-time units but reports date as a repeated factor without explaining how repeated units were linked
Environment: Sixty-four aerated four-litre river-water microcosms in an environmental chamber set to 20 C, with measured water varying from 20 to 25 C during 140 days
Endpoints: cumulative litter dry-mass loss, decomposition coefficient, interval mass loss, leaf-associated extracellular enzyme activities, pH, chemical oxygen demand, ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, total nitrogen, total phosphorus.
What it can support: After 140 days, cumulative litter mass loss was 51.7 percent in litter-only controls, 83.4 percent where shrimp contacted litter but feces fell away, 57.8 percent where feces contacted litter without shrimp contact, and 84.5 percent where shrimp, litter and feces remained together. The treatment contrasts support faster breakdown when shrimp had direct access under this microcosm protocol; water chemistry and enzyme responses also differed among treatments.
What it cannot support: Litter mass loss is not measured ingestion. Direct shrimp access combines grazing on leaf tissue or associated microbes, fragmentation and physical disturbance, while the reported grazing and feces shares were derived from treatment contrasts rather than measured intake. The experiment used one river population, one cattail preparation, eight shrimp in four litres and filtered river water replaced weekly, which the discussion says helped provide food; no formulated-food baseline was described. Reported zero mortality does not establish dietary adequacy because growth, condition, molting, reproduction and health were not measured. The paper switches between Typha angustifolia and Typha orientalis in treatment text and figure material, gives conflicting one-week versus one-to-two-day animal holding descriptions, does not report random allocation, lacks an obvious sham-mesh control, and does not reconcile destructive harvest with repeated-measures analysis. It also labels P values above 0.05 through 0.10 as biologically significant but noisy. The result does not recommend cattail, catappa or alder, establish a ration or replacement interval, prove a complete diet, or promise home-aquarium water safety.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/habitat, /care/feeding, /care/algae
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Field observation
Neocaridina identity evidence
Levitt-Barmats et al., 2019. Aquatic Invasions 14(4): 684-702.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina denticulata, with identity uncertainty discussed by the authors
Study shape: Field occurrence, morphology and mitochondrial markers were combined with an unreplicated laboratory lineage; 18 third-generation larvae were separated for individual molt and growth observations.
Experimental unit: Field specimen or sampling site for field endpoints; individual jar for 18 third-generation growth observations
Environment: Thirty Israeli field locations plus laboratory observation at 20 to 25 C across three generations
Endpoints: field occurrence, morphology, COI and 16S sequences, embryo count, age at first ovigerous stage, molt interval, growth.
What it can support: The study documents a wide field-occurrence range and follows known-hatch third-generation individuals for molt and growth observations over 49 weeks under one laboratory protocol.
What it cannot support: Taxonomic placement within the complex remained uncertain, field occurrence is not a water optimum, and losses plus an incomplete growth series do not provide a replicated hatch-to-death lifespan distribution.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/growth, /care/parameters
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Sganga and López Greco, 2019. Aquaculture Research 50(6): 1564-1573.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: Maternal colour was measured at defined ages and compared with offspring outcomes.
Experimental unit: Female and associated offspring group
Environment: Laboratory comparison of red-stock females and offspring
Endpoints: female colour, offspring colour, offspring quality.
What it can support: Visible colour changed with age, and maternal colour did not simply predict offspring colour at the measured checkpoint.
What it cannot support: It does not provide a named-morph inheritance chart, breeding value from one parent image or a universal grade age.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/colours, /care/genetics, /standard
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Morphology or taxonomy
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Shih, Cai and Chiu, 2019. ZooKeys 817: 11-23.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina fonticulata Shih, Cai and Chiu, 2019, described from type and additional material collected at Sheding, Kenting, southern Taiwan
Study shape: The authors described a holotype, multiple paratype lots and additional field material using external morphology and drawings, compared material of Neocaridina ikiensis, measured five eggs from each of four ovigerous females, and analyzed a 658-base-pair mitochondrial COI segment from four Sheding specimens with Bayesian and maximum-likelihood phylogenetic methods and pairwise distances.
Experimental unit: Individual deposited specimen for morphology, four source shrimp for COI that yielded one reported haplotype, and 20 eggs nested within four ovigerous females for egg measurements
Environment: A leaf-litter layer in a small, slow-flowing headwater stream beside a spring outlet on a limestone hill at Sheding, Kenting; the paper reports about 25 C water, pH 7.06 to 7.16 and dissolved oxygen 7.33 to 7.70 mg/L at the collection site, while examined specimens were preserved in 70 to 95 percent ethanol
Endpoints: type locality and deposited material, rostrum and appendage diagnostic characters, male first and second pleopod morphology, egg dimensions, live colour description, COI haplotype and phylogenetic placement, pairwise mitochondrial distance.
What it can support: The combined type material, comparative morphology and sampled COI evidence support recognizing N. fonticulata as a distinct Neocaridina species in the reviewed 2019 treatment. Diagnostic evidence includes the rostrum, pereiopods and male first and second pleopods. The four sequenced shrimp produced one 658-base-pair COI haplotype, LC427866, and the smallest reported K2P distances to sampled N. ketagalan and N. saccam were 5.42 and 5.43 percent.
What it cannot support: The species was then known only from one Sheding locality, so the report does not establish its complete distribution, population size, seasonal habitat range or conservation status; the authors prediction that it may occur in eastern Taiwan was not a sampled result. Several diagnostic characters require an adult male, dissection and specialist comparison, so body colour or one aquarium photograph cannot identify the species or distinguish it from a trade morph. The molecular result used four shrimp, one mitochondrial haplotype and no nuclear locus, cross, genomic ancestry test or blind identification validation. Mitochondrial separation in this sample does not authenticate a seller label, certify a colour line, prove reproductive isolation or identify another animal by appearance. Site temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen are locality observations without temporal replication or an assigned comparison, not aquarium optima, tolerances or care targets. Aquarium-held photographs were for observation after collection, not a husbandry experiment.
Open the source.
Related source material:
GenBank COI accession LC427866
Used in:
/care/species, /care/anatomy, /care/genetics, /care/parameters, /care/surplus
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Morphology or taxonomy
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Tomas et al., 2019. Invertebrate Biology 138(1): 17-28.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: Male reproductive structures and spermatophore formation were described with dissection and microscopy.
Experimental unit: Prepared individual male and tissue specimen
Environment: Laboratory dissection and microscopy
Endpoints: testis and vas deferens anatomy, spermatophore formation, sperm structure.
What it can support: Method-confirmed male reproductive anatomy.
What it cannot support: It does not make internal reproductive organs visible or diagnosable in an ordinary aquarium image.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/anatomy, /care/sexing, /care/breeding
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Tropea and Lopez Greco, 2019. Canadian Journal of Zoology 97(8): 705-712.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: Twenty first-spawn broods were randomly assigned by aquarium to an all-male or all-female adult social environment, with 10 aquaria per treatment; one female-environment brood was excluded after unusually high juvenile mortality.
Experimental unit: Brood aquarium, with 10 assigned aquaria per treatment before one exclusion
Environment: Twenty small laboratory aquaria at 27 C, each containing one newly hatched brood with seven adult males or seven adult females for 50 days
Endpoints: juvenile phenotypic sex ratio, 50-day survival, body mass, newly hatched brood count.
What it can support: Seven adult males versus seven adult females did not shift the juvenile phenotypic sex ratio away from 1:1 or produce a treatment difference in sex ratio under this 50-day protocol.
What it cannot support: The study did not compare a no-adult control, different adult densities, temperature effects, molecular sex markers or reproductive success after day 50. A null result in these two social treatments does not prove one universal genetic sex-determination mechanism.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/sexing, /care/breeding
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Włodarczyk et al., 2019. PeerJ 7: e7399.
Source taxon as published: Adult Neocaridina davidi obtained from local shrimp breeders
Study shape: Non-starved controls were compared with adults deprived of feed for 14 days and with groups re-fed for 4, 7 or 14 days after the same deprivation. DHE flow cytometry and confocal imaging assessed reactive-oxygen signals, immunofluorescence assessed MnSOD and a control-tissue western blot checked antibody specificity.
Experimental unit: Shrimp were isolated individually, but Table 1 lists 24 animals per flow-cytometry group and four per confocal method while the statistical section says assays used 5 to 6 samples in duplicate; the animal-to-assay sample mapping and any pooling are not fully reported
Environment: Adults were held in one 40-litre laboratory tank at 21 C, pH 7 and 10 dH, then isolated in shaded 250 mL containers with algae suppressed, excrement removed and 10 percent of the water replaced daily
Endpoints: percentage of DHE-labelled ROS-positive cells, qualitative tissue DHE signal, qualitative MnSOD immunofluorescence, antibody-specificity western blot.
What it can support: Under the tested algae-suppressed conditions, 14 days without feed increased the reported mean ROS-positive cell fraction from 2.8 to 13.2 percent in the hepatopancreas and from 1.3 to 12.7 percent in the intestine. Reported values declined toward control levels after 7 to 14 days of re-feeding, alongside weaker MnSOD immunofluorescence.
What it cannot support: The study tested one 14-day deprivation, not a weekly fast, and measured dissected-cell oxidative-stress markers rather than a survival, growth, molting, behaviour, reproduction or longevity benefit. Its isolated 250 mL containers deliberately suppressed algae and do not represent a conditioned community aquarium. Random allocation and blinding were not reported, sex was omitted from the analysis, assay sample mapping is incomplete, MnSOD treatment differences were not quantitatively measured, and the table, figure and statistical-method descriptions make the comparison-letter interpretation ambiguous. It cannot establish that routine fasting is beneficial, that missing one normal feeding is harmful, that biofilm is adequate, or that a specific re-feeding schedule is safe.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/feeding, /care/anatomy, /care/health
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Włodarczyk, Student and Rost-Roszkowska, 2019. Canadian Journal of Zoology 97(4): 294-303.
Source taxon as published: Adult male and female Neocaridina davidi obtained from local shrimp breeders
Study shape: Adults were deprived of feed for 7, 14 or 21 days, and subsets were re-fed for 4, 7 or 14 days. TEM, TUNEL, LysoTracker and caspase-3 methods assessed intestine and hepatopancreas cells. Non-starved reference values and images were imported from a 2016 paper rather than produced as a concurrent control group.
Experimental unit: Shrimp were isolated individually, but Table 1 lists 10 TEM animals and 8 animals for each confocal method in most groups while quantitative Tables 2 and 3 report n = 5; animal reuse, pooling and the cell-to-animal analysis hierarchy are not resolved
Environment: Adults came from one 40-litre laboratory tank at 21 C, pH 7 and printed total hardness of 10 degrees d, then were isolated in shaded 250 mL containers with algae suppressed, excrement and exuviae removed and 10 percent of the water replaced daily
Endpoints: midgut cell ultrastructure, autophagosome-bearing cell percentage, TUNEL-labelled cell percentage, qualitative LysoTracker signal, qualitative caspase-3 signal, unquantified mortality during 21-day deprivation.
What it can support: Within this linked laboratory series, 7 and 14 days without feed were associated with more reported autophagosome-bearing midgut cells, and tissue descriptions after 14 days included fewer organelles and less reserve material. After re-feeding, qualitative tissue structure and the reported cellular markers moved toward the earlier non-starved reference.
What it cannot support: This paper reused the prior experimental procedure and imported its non-starved controls, so it is not independent replication and does not provide a concurrent baseline. Most animals deprived for 21 days reportedly died, but mortality counts, timing and survival analysis were absent; the paper says that group was not quantitatively analyzed even though Table 1 lists post-21-day TEM specimens. Re-feeding food amount, frequency and intake were not reported. Table 1 animal counts conflict with the n = 5 quantitative tables, the nested cell and animal hierarchy is unclear, random allocation and blinding were not reported, and the t tests omit comparison pairs, assumptions, exact p values and multiplicity handling. Table 3 prints zero means with positive standard deviations for nonnegative percentages, which is internally impossible. Caspase-3 and LysoTracker results were qualitative, marker validation was limited, and the TUNEL threshold was described as arbitrary. The study measured no growth, molting, behaviour, reproduction, longevity or whole-animal recovery and cannot establish a routine fast, safe missed-feeding interval, re-feeding recipe, home diagnosis or health benefit.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/feeding, /care/anatomy, /care/health
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Ye et al., 2019. Knowledge and Management of Aquatic Ecosystems 420: 32.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina denticulata sinensis, retained as published
Study shape: Four mesocosms received eight shrimp each and four had no shrimp. Each began with about 29 g fresh plant mass. Water and leaf periphyton were sampled after one week and every two weeks thereafter for 119 days, then final plant fresh mass was used to calculate relative growth rate.
Experimental unit: Seventy-five-litre mesocosm, with four independently assigned mesocosms per shrimp treatment
Environment: Eight outdoor 75-litre polyethylene mesocosms with sediment, tap water and Vallisneria denseserrulata; water temperature varied from 17 to 30 C
Endpoints: leaf periphyton chlorophyll a, water-column chlorophyll a, total and dissolved nitrogen, total and dissolved phosphorus, Vallisneria relative growth rate.
What it can support: Under this outdoor mesocosm protocol, shrimp presence was associated with lower mean leaf-periphyton chlorophyll a and higher Vallisneria relative growth rate, while water-column chlorophyll a, total nitrogen and total phosphorus were higher than in no-shrimp mesocosms.
What it cannot support: The experiment used one plant species, sediment, naturally varying 17 to 30 C water and a fixed density of eight shrimp per mesocosm. It did not identify a home-aquarium algae, test a stocking gradient, measure nutrient export or establish a cleaning rate. Repeatedly removing three leaves per tank changed plant material over time, periphyton chlorophyll received no pheophytin correction, water-column chlorophyll units conflict between the results text and figure, and only four mesocosms per treatment constrain precision. The result cannot justify introducing or releasing shrimp for restoration outside native, permitted and professionally assessed systems.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/algae
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Baliña et al., 2018. The Biological Bulletin 234(3): 139-151.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: Juveniles were assigned to 28 or 33 C, and part of the warm group was later transferred to 28 C.
Experimental unit: Temperature treatment aquarium
Environment: Laboratory culture at 28 or 33 C for up to 200 days
Endpoints: ovarian maturation, spawning, recovery after transfer.
What it can support: The tested 33 C treatment suppressed ovarian maturation and spawning, and transferred females later resumed reproductive development.
What it cannot support: This was not an acute lethal test and does not define a safe interval, home heater setting or lifetime boundary.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/temperature, /care/breeding
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Field observation
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Jablonska et al., 2018. Knowledge and Management of Aquatic Ecosystems 419: 14.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi identified by morphology and a 610-base-pair COI fragment
Study shape: Qualitative hydrobiological hand-net samples collected field shrimp in July 2003, November 2013 and June 2017. Morphology was compared with published descriptions. COI sequences from field and amateur-aquarium animals were aligned with five Taiwan and Hawaii reference sequences, assigned to haplotypes and placed in a neighbour-joining tree.
Experimental unit: Collected animal nested within three field collection events and one aquarium comparison source. Only June 2017 reports standardized effort: one square metre sampled for approximately 15 minutes. The 2003 formaldehyde-preserved sample was unavailable for COI analysis.
Environment: A roughly 4.5 km artificial canal connected to the lower River Oder near Gryfino, Poland, receiving heated Dolna Odra Power Station cooling water, with fine sand and mud substrate, partial concrete banks and submerged vegetation
Endpoints: field occurrence by year, sex and ovigerous status, body length and diagnostic morphology, 610-base-pair COI sequence, haplotype assignment, neighbour-joining placement.
What it can support: Fifteen field shrimp were found in three positive collection years spanning 2003 to 2017, including one ovigerous female in November 2013. Morphology and seven field COI accessions supported N. davidi identity. The seven field and six amateur-aquarium sequences generated by the study shared one COI haplotype, supporting close mitochondrial similarity within that comparison.
What it cannot support: The three positive years were not continuous monitoring, and qualitative sampling with mostly unreported effort cannot estimate abundance, density, occupancy, population trend or detection probability. One ovigerous female supports reproductive condition, not observed hatching, recruitment or proof that local reproduction maintained the records. The authors explicitly retained repeated yearly introductions as an alternative. The canal was artificially heated; the paper reports 27 to 29 C in June-July and 15 C in November but no winter minimum, winter sample, thermal time series or comparison site. It cannot establish cold tolerance, winter survival, a home temperature range or a 27 to 28 C breeding optimum. A shared short mitochondrial haplotype does not trace an aquarium source, seller, release event, nuclear ancestry or transfer direction. The study measured no survival, growth, water chemistry beyond temperature, ecological impact, pathogen transfer or control outcome. Failure to find a threat is not proof of no impact, and field occurrence never makes release safe.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/species, /care/surplus, /care/temperature, /care/breeding
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Kim et al., 2018. Journal of Environmental Biology 39(1): 51-57.
Source taxon as published: Ten wild Lake Chang Pyung animals and separate exposure animals labelled Neocaridina denticulata denticulata; no diagnostic or molecular identification method reported, and the exposure-animal source was not separately stated
Study shape: A baseline whole-body cDNA library from ten non-exposed wild shrimp produced 1,247 high-quality expressed sequence tags and 603 unique sequences. A separate short-term copper experiment used three shrimp per treatment, a time series at 0, 1, 3, 6, 9 and 24 hours with the copper concentration unstated, and a 24-hour nominal dose series whose figure labels 0, 1, 2, 5, 10 and 100 micrograms per litre. Pooled whole-body RNA was assayed by real-time RT-PCR for 14 selected transcripts using beta-actin as the sole reference gene.
Experimental unit: The report does not identify the exposure container, independent vessel replication or random allocation. Three shrimp are described per treatment and their total RNA was pooled before cDNA synthesis; the triplicate experiments and figure N of 3 therefore do not clearly identify independent biological replicates.
Environment: Aerated natural lake water for the baseline cDNA library; copper-exposure conditions reported as 20 C, pH 8.0, dissolved oxygen above 5.6 mg/L and 28 PSU salinity, despite the freshwater lake animal description
Endpoints: baseline expressed sequence tags and sequence annotation, relative whole-body mRNA abundance for 14 selected targets.
What it can support: Under the reported short-term nominal copper protocol, all 14 selected transcripts varied in at least part of the time or concentration series, and nine were reported to increase by more than two-fold at one or more observations from 1 to 24 hours. This supports a candidate short-term pooled whole-body transcriptional response, not a validated field biomarker.
What it cannot support: The copper material, concentration used for the time series, exposure vessels, independent vessel replication, allocation, acclimation, feeding, water renewal and measured water concentrations were not reported. The prose loses the dose unit while the figure labels micrograms per litre, and the stated 28 PSU salinity conflicts with the freshwater lake description. Pooling makes the biological denominator unclear, beta-actin stability and PCR efficiencies were not reported, and repeated target-by-time and target-by-dose tests had no reported multiplicity model. Transcript changes do not establish protein abundance, toxicity, survival, molting impairment, immune competence, chronic harm, a safe concentration, diagnosis or validated biomarker panel.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/chemical-safety
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Marques, 2018. Integrated MSc dissertation in Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon.
Source taxon as published: Commercial adult shrimp labelled Neocaridina davidi var red; no morphological or molecular identification method was reported
Study shape: The first four-week trial placed a new 15-shrimp group in each of four aquaria each week while one lamp colour remained assigned to each aquarium. The second 20-day trial kept four 15-shrimp groups in their aquaria while rotating the four lamps every five days. An observer counted shrimp inside the lit Petri dish, inside the unlit Petri dish and elsewhere every five minutes during five one-hour periods per day. Lamp spectra were reported as relative spectral distributions, and the lit-dish count was analysed with a generalized linear mixed model followed by Tukey comparisons.
Experimental unit: In the first trial, aquarium and light colour were completely confounded even though four successive shrimp groups entered each tank. In the second, aquarium-period was the assigned unit, giving four five-day tank-periods per colour while the same four groups were counted repeatedly. The thesis reports 5,200 count occasions per trial but does not state the model formula, response family, random effects, repeated-measures correlation, lamp order or carryover treatment.
Environment: Four 15-litre aquaria at a reported 23 C, pH 7 and 60 mg/L GH, each holding 15 adults and two Petri dishes of black stones, with only the left dish illuminated by a white, blue, red or green Marina LED
Endpoints: number inside the lit Petri dish, number inside the unlit Petri dish, number elsewhere in the aquarium, qualitative movement, observed mortality, births and molts.
What it can support: Under this two-dish apparatus, the mean number counted inside the lit dish differed by lamp colour in both trials. Reported lit-dish means were 3.70 red, 1.76 green, 0.93 white and 0.03 blue in the first trial, and 4.03 red, 1.74 green, 1.32 white and 0.01 blue in the rotating-lamp trial. The result supports a short-term colour-associated location-count signal that merits a better controlled replication.
What it cannot support: The thesis does not establish a preferred aquarium spectrum or a welfare ranking. It compared one coloured lit area with one dark area rather than offering simultaneous colour choices, kept the lit area on the left, did not measure or equalize irradiance or illuminance, reported only normalized spectral shapes and did not report observer blinding. Red shrimp can also differ in detectability under different coloured lamps. The stated 20:00 to 08:00 light period does not overlap the stated 09:00 to 19:00 observations, leaving the exposure timing internally unresolved. The first-trial methods state 240 adults while the abstract states n = 120. Phase one cannot separate lamp colour from aquarium; phase two does not report lamp sequence, washout or carryover control; and the statistical formula and random effects are absent despite thousands of correlated repeat counts. Sex, individual identity, lamp output drift and births entering counts were not resolved. No stress biomarker, growth, survival comparison, reproductive rate or chronic colony outcome was measured. Absence of observed deaths and incidental births or molts cannot show comfort, health benefit or reproductive superiority. Do not recommend red light, warn against blue light, specify a spectrum or photoperiod, infer colour vision, or use lamp attraction as a capture method from this study.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/habitat, /care/behaviour
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Field observation
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Mitsugi and Suzuki, 2018. Crustacean Research 47: 9-16.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: Monthly field samples were used for morphology, size-frequency cohorts and inferred life history.
Experimental unit: Monthly river sample
Environment: Tomoe River, eastern Japan, sampled monthly for one year
Endpoints: body and carapace length, sex characters, cohort structure, inferred lifespan.
What it can support: Defined measurement landmarks and field cohort estimates for the sampled population.
What it cannot support: Individuals were not marked from hatch to death, and the inferred lifespan is not an aquarium average or guarantee.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/anatomy, /care/sexing, /care/growth, /care/species
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Namaei Kohal et al., 2018. Journal of Applied Phycology 30: 431-443.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: Six formulated diets containing 0, 1, 3, 5, 8 or 10 percent Arthrospira meal were assigned to three aquaria each. Diets were approximately equal in protein and energy because Arthrospira replaced part of the fish meal; shrimp received 3 percent of wet biomass daily in three feedings and females were followed through eight spawning events.
Experimental unit: Aquarium, with three aquaria per diet; the independent incubation unit for detached eggs is not clearly described
Environment: Eighteen aerated aquaria at 26 to 28 C and pH 7.0 to 7.2 across an 11-month feeding trial, with complete water replacement every 10 days
Endpoints: weight and length growth, feed conversion ratio, survival, whole-body composition, time to maturity, inter-spawning interval, egg production, relative and actual fecundity, hatching percentage, hatchling length.
What it can support: Under this exact formulated-diet protocol, several growth, female-survival and reproductive measures were higher at 8 or 10 percent Arthrospira meal than in the control, while the reported relative-fecundity advantage declined after the sixth spawning.
What it cannot support: The percentages describe dry-diet formulation, not an aquarium dose or addition to a finished food. Arthrospira replaced fish meal, control female survival was only 25.7 percent after 11 months, eggs were detached and artificially incubated, and incubation replication is unclear. The study does not establish a universal 8 to 10 percent recipe or validate a current commercial product.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/feeding, /care/growth, /care/breeding
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Field observation
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Schoolmann and Arndt, 2018. Limnologica 71: 1-7.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: Repeated field sampling described population structure, reproduction and dispersal.
Experimental unit: Field samples from one invaded stream system
Environment: Thermally affected German stream followed for 27 months
Endpoints: size-frequency structure, ovigerous females, population persistence, dispersal.
What it can support: A reproducing feral population persisted and dispersed under the recorded field conditions.
What it cannot support: Field estimates do not establish aquarium lifespan, a species temperature optimum or a release-safe climate.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/growth, /care/species, /care/surplus
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Tropea, Lavarías and López Greco, 2018. Zoology 130: 57-66.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: Male or female presence and access to physical, visual or short-range cues were manipulated while ovarian development was followed.
Experimental unit: Focal juvenile female within an assigned social or cue-access treatment
Environment: Laboratory social and cue-access treatments involving juvenile focal females
Endpoints: ovarian growth, time course of maturation, effect of conspecific sex and contact.
What it can support: Male presence accelerated ovarian growth and physical contact was required for the reported effect, while female presence delayed ovarian growth.
What it cannot support: It does not establish a home colony sex ratio, prove a distant pheromone effect or let rapid swimming diagnose mating readiness.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/behaviour, /care/breeding
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Groendahl and Fink, 2017. Scientific Reports 7: 44869.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi within a three-grazer freshwater model
Study shape: One to three grazer species were assigned to defined algal communities for three days, then grazer richness and phosphorus were combined in a one-week factorial experiment.
Experimental unit: Three-hundred-millilitre flask, with six to eight usable replicates depending on comparison
Environment: Laboratory flasks containing defined green-algal communities at 20 C
Endpoints: algal cell count, algal biovolume, algal species richness, algal diversity and evenness.
What it can support: Neocaridina davidi reduced several tested algae and showed a relative preference for Closterium moniliferum in the three-day model.
What it cannot support: The defined short flask experiment does not establish hair-algae control, a cleaning rate, a complete diet or whole-aquarium nutrient export.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/algae, /care/feeding, /care/habitat
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Adjacent aquarium-system evidence
Naigaga et al., 2017. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 48(4): 555-562.
Source taxon as published: Pond-aquaculture water samples and analytical methods, not shrimp
Study shape: Several field kits and strips were compared with standard methods by the management decisions each result would produce.
Experimental unit: Water sample and paired analytical-method comparison
Environment: Pond-aquaculture water analysis compared with standard methods
Endpoints: decision agreement, weighted kappa, analyte-specific disagreement.
What it can support: Reliability differed by kit and analyte, including nitrate decision disagreement for two tested strip products.
What it cannot support: The study does not validate every current product, make all strips inadequate or show that a kit result equals a laboratory concentration without method context.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/testing, /care/parameters, /care/nitrogen
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Pantaleão et al., 2017. Aquaculture Research 48(2): 553-569.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: Animals were followed through twelve post-hatching stages with microscopy and defined carapace measurements.
Experimental unit: Individual developmental observations within one culture protocol
Environment: Laboratory aquarium culture at 25 C
Endpoints: appendage development, sex differentiation, carapace length, first attached eggs.
What it can support: Stage-specific external development, the method used to distinguish sex and first reproduction observed under the tested protocol.
What it cannot support: It does not promise that home shrimp can be sexed at a fixed age, reach a universal breeding size or carry eggs by a fixed day.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/anatomy, /care/sexing, /care/growth, /care/breeding, /care/molting
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Serezli et al., 2017. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 26(12): 7575-7579.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: Three aquaria per temperature were maintained for 180 days and the paper reports sex classification of 30 offspring from each temperature group.
Experimental unit: Aquarium for the temperature treatment, with three aquaria per temperature
Environment: Nine laboratory aquaria assigned across 20, 23 and 26 C for 180 days
Endpoints: reported offspring sex ratio, survival.
What it can support: The study reported different offspring sex proportions among its three temperature groups.
What it cannot support: Limited reporting, a small tank design and conflict with another direct study make this a replication target, not a sex-production recipe.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/temperature, /care/sexing, /care/breeding
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Sonakowska et al., 2017. PLOS ONE 12(3): e0173563.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: Midgut cell and mitochondrial responses were compared through starvation and refeeding periods.
Experimental unit: Animal and prepared midgut tissue
Environment: Laboratory starvation and refeeding experiment with tissue analysis
Endpoints: cell structure, mitochondrial potential, regeneration after refeeding.
What it can support: Starvation and refeeding changed method-confirmed midgut cell outcomes.
What it cannot support: It does not establish a routine fast, nutritional adequacy, a safe missed-feeding duration or a diagnosis from appearance.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/feeding, /care/anatomy, /care/health
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Vazquez et al., 2017. Journal of Crustacean Biology 37(4): 367-373.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: Newly hatched shrimp were randomly assigned to 2.5, 5 or 10 animals/L for 90 days in 2 L vessels containing 5, 10 or 20 shrimp. The results table reports 8, 9 and 7 vessel replicates, respectively. A second experiment randomly assigned ten 30-day juveniles to each of five mixed-sex, five female-only and five male-only vessels at 5 animals/L.
Experimental unit: Two-litre vessel. Shrimp in each vessel were weighed together every 30 days in the density experiment, so the repeated response was vessel mean mass rather than an individually tracked trajectory. Whole-vessel biochemical homogenates were pooled across replicates when biomass was insufficient.
Environment: Two-litre culture vessels at 27 +/- 1 C with 0.7 g Java moss, continuous aeration and weekly complete water replacement
Endpoints: vessel mean wet mass through 90 days, model-estimated survival, phenotypic sex ratio, presence of ovigerous females, whole-vessel glycogen, lipid and protein concentration, mixed-sex versus monosex vessel mean mass and survival.
What it can support: Under the tested juvenile grow-out conditions, vessel mean mass diverged after day 30 and was lower at 10 animals/L than at 2.5 or 5 animals/L by days 60 and 90. Final females at 2.5 animals/L were 45 percent heavier than females at 10 animals/L, males at 2.5 animals/L were heavier than males at both higher densities, and model-estimated 90-day survival did not differ statistically among densities. Monosex versus mixed culture did not change mean mass or survival in the second experiment.
What it cannot support: This does not establish shrimp per gallon, a home-aquarium carrying capacity, a disease or welfare threshold, or a minimum starter group. The units were small juvenile grow-out vessels with daily food described as ad libitum and approximately 4 percent of vessel biomass, continuous aeration, weekly complete water replacement and removal of every new offspring. Individuals were not tracked, starting vessel counts were unequal across densities, brood and family contributions were not reported, food intake was not measured, and ovigerous presence was recorded without egg, hatch or recruitment outcomes. Survival percentages were model estimates rather than raw tank-wide guarantees. Biochemical samples sometimes pooled vessel replicates, weakening the original unit boundary. Ninety days does not represent a mixed-age, multigeneration colony or lifetime health.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/stocking, /care/growth, /care/surplus, /care/water-changes
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Morphology or taxonomy
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Ahn and Min, 2016. Journal of Species Research 5(3): 459-462.
Source taxon as published: Wild stream shrimp identified only as Neocaridina sp.; no host voucher, diagnostic method or molecular host identification reported
Study shape: The authors removed worms from preserved host exoskeletons under a stereomicroscope, described external and internal morphology, deposited examined material at Inha University and the National Institute of Biological Resources, and extracted whole-body DNA from one worm for partial mitochondrial COI amplification and sequencing.
Experimental unit: An unreported number of Neocaridina hosts and removed worms across three collection dates; one whole worm for the 674-base-pair COI sequence; three National Institute of Biological Resources voucher identifiers were listed
Environment: Hand-net collections from Andeok Valley, Jeju-do Province, South Korea on 23 June 2010, 23 August 2015 and 18 May 2016; hosts were preserved directly in 95 percent ethanol at the collection site
Endpoints: geographic and host occurrence, whole-body and jaw morphology, body length, voucher deposition, partial mitochondrial COI sequence.
What it can support: The record establishes morphologically identified H. truncatus on wild Neocaridina sp. at one South Korean stream across material dated in 2010, 2015 and 2016. Described characters included a transparent terete body under 2 mm, no trunk appendages, a posterior sucker about the diameter of the head region and paired jaws with a 7/7 dental formula. Three NIBR voucher identifiers and the first reported 674-base-pair COI sequence for the genus, GenBank KX683299, provide checkable taxonomic anchors.
What it cannot support: The paper does not state the number of hosts collected, hosts carrying worms, worms examined per date, worms per host, sampling effort or whether absence was assessed, so three dated collections do not estimate prevalence, persistence between dates or geographic range. The host remained Neocaridina sp. without a reported voucher or molecular identification. Although examined material was deposited at two institutions, only three NIBR identifiers were listed and the paper does not map individual morphology, image, sequence and voucher records. The single COI sequence created a barcode reference but was not compared with an existing conspecific sequence or used in a phylogenetic or species-delimitation analysis. Immediate ethanol preservation precluded live attachment, movement and host-response observations. The study measured no lesion, respiration, molting, growth, reproduction, mortality, transmission, origin, treatment, recurrence or host safety. It cannot establish N. davidi prevalence, aquarium-trade origin, harmlessness, a phone-image diagnosis, a quarantine duration or a treatment protocol.
Open the source.
Related source material:
Korea Citation Index open article record and licensed PDF
Used in:
/care/health, /care/quarantine, /care/anatomy
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Bingol, Turkmen and Karadal, 2016. Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 33(3): 217-222.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina denticulata, identified by the paper as red cherry shrimp of Taiwan origin
Study shape: Four branded feeds were assigned to three aquaria each, with 30 shrimp per aquarium; shrimp were fed to satiation twice daily and measured every 15 days.
Experimental unit: The 50-litre aquarium, with three aquaria per feed
Environment: Twelve 50-litre aquaria at 26.5 C under a 14-hour light and 10-hour dark cycle for 16 weeks
Endpoints: survival, body weight, total length, carapace length.
What it can support: Final weight, total length and survival patterns differed among the four tested products under this protocol, with the Spirulina granule group highest and the pond-stick group lowest for those reported means.
What it cannot support: The products differed in physical form and formulation, feeding was to satiation and the statistical methods do not clearly state whether aquarium means were the analysis unit. The study does not isolate a Spirulina effect, establish a pellet count or compare current products.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/feeding, /care/growth
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Adjacent biological evidence
Rivera-De la Parra, Sarma and Nandini, 2016. Journal of Limnology 75(s1).
Source taxon as published: Hydra predators and cladoceran, copepod and rotifer prey; no Neocaridina
Study shape: Hydra predation was compared across named zooplankton prey, and Hydra-conditioned water was tested against Daphnia demography.
Experimental unit: Predator-prey culture vessel
Environment: Laboratory freshwater predator-prey cultures
Endpoints: prey capture, prey susceptibility, Daphnia population growth.
What it can support: The tested Hydra captured several zooplankton taxa and affected one Daphnia population endpoint under the laboratory conditions.
What it cannot support: No Neocaridina life stage was tested, so the study does not prove that aquarium Hydra kill shrimplets or quantify colony risk.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/pests, /care/tankmates, /care/health
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Morphology or taxonomy
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Sganga, Piana and López Greco, 2016. Zootaxa 4196(1): 120-128.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: Carapace shape was analysed in 92 animals and second abdominal pleura in 61 after sex assignment from pleopod morphology.
Experimental unit: Individual measured shrimp
Environment: Laboratory geometric morphometric study of cultured animals
Endpoints: carapace size and shape, rostrum shape, second pleuron dimensions, sex-associated overlap.
What it can support: Adult females were larger on average and differed in several shapes, while male carapace shape overlapped juvenile female shape.
What it cannot support: Average adult differences do not confirm the sex of every individual, especially a juvenile or an animal shown from one angle.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/anatomy, /care/sexing, /care/growth
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Morphology or taxonomy
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Sonakowska et al., 2016. PLOS ONE 11(2): e0147582.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina heteropoda obtained from local breeders; no host-identification method reported
Study shape: Light, transmission-electron and confocal microscopy, acid-phosphatase and LysoTracker staining, TUNEL labeling and JC-1 flow cytometry were used to describe autophagy, apoptosis, necrosis and mitochondrial potential in intestine and hepatopancreas tissue from method-specific adult groups. No external stressor or disease treatment was assigned.
Experimental unit: Prepared tissue or cell suspension from method-specific adult specimens: 15 females and 15 males for general microscopy, three adults for quantitative necrosis and autophagy cell counts, two for TEM acid-phosphatase staining, 10 females and 10 males for cryosections, five pooled within each organ suspension preparation and seven for JC-1 flow cytometry; the TUNEL animal denominator was not stated
Environment: Adults maintained in 30 L laboratory aquaria at 24 C, pH 7 and 15 degrees German total hardness and fed a commercial freshwater-shrimp food
Endpoints: cell-type and organ location, autophagic structures, TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells, necrotic-cell morphology, mitochondrial membrane potential, sex comparison.
What it can support: Under the described laboratory history and without an assigned external stressor, the examined adult tissues contained autophagic, apoptotic and occasional necrotic cells. Autophagy was observed in mature intestine D cells and hepatopancreas B and F cells, apoptosis in anterior-intestine D cells and proximal hepatopancreas B and F cells, while regenerative cells showed none of the three reported processes. The study did not report a statistically significant intestine-versus-hepatopancreas difference in cells with depolarized mitochondria.
What it cannot support: This is destructive cellular and tissue evidence, not a visible home diagnosis or a disease experiment. Breeder source, sex and adult status were reported, but host identification, age, molt stage, reproductive state, tank count, animals per tank, acclimation duration, health screening, water-test methods and the TUNEL animal denominator were not. Method groups differed and their overlap was not reported. Cell counts were nested within only three adults for the necrosis and autophagy percentages, TUNEL used an arbitrary fluorescence threshold and sex-specific values or tests were not shown. Table 1 prints 938 autophagic cells from 231 total for intestine specimen 3 even though the displayed 40.26 percent implies 93. The results do not establish a gross sign, pathogen, cause of illness, welfare state, treatment target, aquarium optimum or safe exposure, and the maintained 24 C, pH 7 and 15 degree hardness history was not an assigned comparison.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/anatomy, /care/health
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
System observation or method study
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Tanaka, Wada and Hamasaki, 2016. Zoological Science 33(2): 154-161.
Source taxon as published: Holtodrilus truncatus; field hosts included Paratya compressa, Caridina leucosticta, Caridina multidentata, Caridina typus and Neocaridina denticulata
Study shape: The field survey standardized dip-net sampling at ten waterside areas per site and repeated one river seasonally. The salinity study exposed 24, 20, 30, 25 and 12 host-removed worms to nominal 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 3 percent salinity without food, with observation intervals that shortened as salinity rose. Host-choice tests placed one worm with a size-matched pair of Paratya compressa, Caridina leucosticta or Caridina multidentata for 40, 36 and 39 pairwise replicates.
Experimental unit: Field host shrimp for occurrence endpoints; an incompletely reported small plastic tank holding two or five isolated worms for salinity exposure; and one worm with one two-shrimp species pair for each host-choice replicate
Environment: Field collections at one to eight sites in each of 26 rivers on the Kii Peninsula, Japan, plus 22 to 27 C freshwater laboratory salinity and two-host choice tests
Endpoints: river and host occurrence, prevalence and intensity on Paratya compressa, host body location, Paratya compressa egg number association, isolated-worm attachment-defined survival, selected host in pairwise choice.
What it can support: Holtodrilus truncatus occurred in 10 of 26 surveyed rivers and on five atyid host species. The only two examined N. denticulata were both recorded with the worm, which establishes occurrence but not prevalence. Isolated-worm survival declined with increasing nominal salinity, including significantly lower survival at 0.5 than 0 percent. In pairwise tests that excluded Neocaridina, worms selected P. compressa over both Caridina species and C. leucosticta over C. multidentata. Cohabitation was not associated with egg number in the measured P. compressa model.
What it cannot support: The direct Neocaridina result is two field animals, not a representative sample. No Neocaridina entered the salinity, host-choice or egg-number analyses. Worms were removed after the host carapace was detached, so salinity was tested on isolated organisms rather than attached worms or living host shrimp. The work measured no treatment efficacy on a host, shrimp survival, sublethal host effect, recurrence or safety margin. Worms shared exposure containers in groups of two or five, the number of independent tanks was not reported, checking frequency differed by concentration, no food was provided, and floating or failure to attach was classified as death. Nominal salinity tolerance cannot validate a salt dip, 30-second exposure, host-safe dose or Neocaridina host preference.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/health, /care/quarantine, /care/anatomy
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Viau et al., 2016. Aquaculture Research 47(8): 2528-2542.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina heteropoda heteropoda
Study shape: Water quality, biofilm processes, survival and growth were measured in a designed culture system.
Experimental unit: Culture vessel or substrate treatment unit
Environment: Aerated laboratory biofilm culture with zero routine water exchange
Endpoints: nitrogen compounds, dissolved oxygen, survival, growth.
What it can support: A deliberately designed and aerated biofilm system can contribute to water processing and juvenile culture.
What it cannot support: It does not validate an unaerated jar, every visible home biofilm, a no-water-change rule or a filterless aquarium.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/filtration, /care/habitat, /care/water-changes, /care/parameters
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Weber and Traunspurger, 2016. Limnologica 59: 155-161.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: Shrimp and comparison microcosms were sampled repeatedly, followed by endpoint stomach-content examination of 40 shrimp.
Experimental unit: Model ecosystem for community effects and individual stomach for content observations
Environment: Forty-two-day freshwater model ecosystems with repeated community sampling
Endpoints: meiofaunal density, biomass, secondary production, community structure, stomach contents.
What it can support: Shrimp changed measured meiofaunal assemblages, and stomachs contained detritus, algae and several meiofaunal groups.
What it cannot support: The study did not test fish feces, aquarium sanitation, nutrient export, named pest danger or a whole-tank algae-clearance rate.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/algae, /care/feeding, /care/pests
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
System observation or method study
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Cheung et al., 2015. Marine Biotechnology 17(6): 811-819.
Source taxon as published: Laboratory red-patched Neocaridina denticulata denticulata linked to the Kenny et al. stock; the commercial foundation stock had no reported voucher, morphology or molecular host-identification method
Study shape: Three adult females at each of three visually assigned ovarian stages were sampled cross-sectionally. Foregut, intestine including midgut and hindgut, and hepatopancreas were dissected from every female, producing 27 individually sequenced 16S V1-V3 libraries. PCR reactions were run in triplicate and pooled within each library. Ion Torrent reads were processed in QIIME 1.8, clustered into 97 percent OTUs, assigned against Greengenes at 0.5 confidence, rarefied to 14,000 reads and compared with alpha-diversity indices, UniFrac PCoA and UPGMA trees.
Experimental unit: Individual female for ovarian-stage comparisons, with three females per stage and three linked tissue libraries per female. Triplicate PCR reactions were technical replicates pooled within a library, not additional animals. The paper did not report a repeated-measures model for tissues from the same female.
Environment: Adult females from a multigeneration recirculating freshwater laboratory stock at approximately 25 C; all were starved for two days before dissection
Endpoints: quality-filtered 16S read count, 97 percent OTU richness, Chao1 richness, Shannon diversity, phylogenetic diversity, weighted and unweighted UniFrac clustering, relative read abundance by bacterial taxon, SRA accession SRR1735538.
What it can support: Within this nine-female stock after two days of starvation, early-stage foregut and intestine libraries had lower reported alpha diversity than later-stage libraries, hepatopancreas libraries generally differed from gut libraries, and more than 80 percent of early-stage gut reads were assigned to one Coxiella-type OTU. The study provides a public 16S survey associated with tissue region and visually assigned ovarian stage.
What it cannot support: This was a small cross-sectional association, not the same females followed through ovarian development and not an assigned microbiota or reproductive treatment. Stage could be confounded with age, time, individual and egg-carrying status. Relative read abundance is compositional and does not measure absolute bacterial load, prevalence among shrimp or colonization. A short 16S Coxiella-type assignment at a low classification threshold is not a species or strain identification, Coxiella burnetii diagnosis, cultured isolate, pathogen finding or probiotic. The paper reported t tests without specifying exact contrasts, pairing, tails, variance handling, test statistics, degrees of freedom or multiplicity correction, and reported no formal group-level beta-diversity test. No extraction blank, PCR negative control, mock community, random selection or blinding was described. The paper did not test bacterial function, microbial transfer, probiotic or antibiotic exposure, fertility, spawning, hatch, offspring, growth, survival, disease, immune response, feed treatment or normal fed-tank baseline. It cannot show that microbes cause ovarian maturation, that maturation causes the microbiota difference or that changing aquarium bacteria improves breeding or health.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/breeding, /care/feeding, /care/health, /care/anatomy
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Li et al., 2015. Environmental Science 36(2): 727-735.
Source taxon as published: Wild animals from vegetation around Dianshan Lake labelled Neocaridina denticulate; no diagnostic or molecular identification method reported
Study shape: Separate five-day semi-static series used nominal copper-ion treatments of 0.086, 0.172, 0.344 and 0.688 mg/L and nominal chlorpyrifos treatments of 0.0015, 0.0030, 0.0060 and 0.0120 micrograms/L. Each concentration was described as three parallel 2-litre beakers with 20 shrimp per beaker, daily solution renewal, no feeding and blank-water and chlorpyrifos vehicle controls. Three shrimp per group were destructively sampled on each day for muscle homogenate assays.
Experimental unit: The two-litre exposure beaker, described as three parallel beakers per concentration. The methods do not state how the three shrimp sampled at each time were distributed among or pooled across those beakers, although results are described as means of three parallel groups.
Environment: Two-litre beakers in temperature-controlled water baths using aerated tap water at 23 +/- 1 C, pH 7.2 to 7.7, hardness about 205.95 mg/L as CaCO3 and dissolved oxygen above 5.80 mg/L
Endpoints: five-day mortality observation, muscle protein concentration, muscle malondialdehyde content, muscle total superoxide dismutase activity, muscle acetylcholinesterase activity.
What it can support: Under the tested semi-static protocols, nominal copper-ion and chlorpyrifos concentration series were associated with time-varying muscle protein, lipid-peroxidation and enzyme-activity measurements. No deaths were reported through five days in these sublethal treatment groups.
What it cannot support: The wild-source taxon was not independently verified as N. davidi, concentrations were nominal rather than analytically measured, animals were fasted for five days and sampling-to-beaker mapping is unclear. The paper cites 96-hour LC50 values from earlier work to select its fractions but does not provide that acute experiment, uncertainty or full analysis, so those values are not results of this five-day series. Repeated t tests and one-way ANOVAs across concentration-by-day contrasts had no reported multiplicity or repeated-time model, and the text contains concentration-label inconsistencies. Muscle biomarkers do not establish a no-effect level, chronic safety, diagnosis, antidote, aquarium dose or universal copper or pesticide threshold.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/chemical-safety, /care/health
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Review or synthesis
Broader ornamental-shrimp review
Mykles and Hui, 2015. Integrative and Comparative Biology 55(5): 891-897.
Source taxon as published: Policy review comparing Neocaridina denticulata with the crayfish Procambarus clarkii and Cherax quadricarinatus, with additional inferences from other crustacean models
Study shape: The authors defined desired traits for a decapod model, compared three freshwater candidates, summarized selected Neocaridina life-history, culture, anatomy and genomic claims from earlier publications, recommended N. denticulata, and proposed obtaining a complete genome and developing tissue-specific gene-control and mutant-screening methods.
Experimental unit: Published source or narrative claim; the paper reported no new animals, aquaria, assigned treatments, measurements or statistical analysis and did not describe a systematic search, eligibility criteria or risk-of-bias assessment.
Environment: No new animal experiment or culture trial; narrative synthesis and recommendation arising from a 2015 comparative Pancrustacea symposium workshop
Endpoints: model-organism selection criteria, comparative recommendation, summary of cited life-history and culture claims, summary of draft-genome status, proposed functional-genomics next steps.
What it can support: The paper documents that two authors recommended N. denticulata as a decapod functional-genomics model in 2015 based on its small space requirement, commercial availability, transparent cuticle, cited life-history traits and then-available preliminary genome. It explicitly identified a complete genome and reliable gene-expression manipulation as future work.
What it cannot support: This policy review is not a new replication of any cited experiment and is not a systematic review. Its pH 6.5 to 8.0, temperature up to 30 C, preferred 22 to 25 C and pH 7.0 to 7.5, 15 to 16 day intermolt, 20 to 30 egg, approximately 30 day hatch and 4 to 6 month maturity statements combine older sources, populations and methods; they are not one standardized aquarium comparison or validated species-wide optimum. The broad statement that N. denticulata is resistant to bacterial infection does not establish general disease resistance, a pathogen-free line, treatment or immune supplement. The cited DPrP bacterial-challenge paper remains full-text-needed in this registry, and the companion crayfish-plague citation studied a related published species against one oomycete pathogen. The preliminary genome was explicitly incomplete, and proposed transgenesis, reporter expression, mutation screening and targeted gene control were future possibilities rather than demonstrated Neocaridina methods in this paper. The review does not validate a care range, breeding calendar, stocking rule, disease guarantee, commercial-line assay or consumer genetic intervention.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/genetics, /care/breeding, /care/growth, /care/molting, /care/anatomy, /care/health, /care/parameters
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Pantaleão et al., 2015. Journal of Crustacean Biology 35(5): 676-681.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: Early stages received defined starvation and refeeding sequences.
Experimental unit: Culture vessel within feeding treatment
Environment: Laboratory starvation and refeeding experiment
Endpoints: survival, point of no return, recovery after feeding.
What it can support: Early life stages differed in nutritional vulnerability under the tested sequences.
What it cannot support: A starvation endpoint is not a recommended fasting interval, proof of adequate biofilm or a home feeding schedule.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/feeding, /care/breeding
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
System observation or method study
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Sin et al., 2015. General and Comparative Endocrinology 214: 167-176.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina denticulata linked to the Kenny et al. draft-genome stock; the RNA-source animals were not otherwise identified or described
Study shape: Known arthropod hormone-pathway sequences were searched against the draft genome with TBLASTN and checked by reciprocal BLASTX, characteristic domains and, where identity was uncertain, Bayesian phylogenetic analysis. Selected partial transcripts were amplified from cDNA, cloned and Sanger sequenced. A semiquantitative JHAMT gel used equivalent total-RNA inputs and displayed three individual samples for each reported life-stage or body-region group.
Experimental unit: Gene sequence and draft-genome contig for homology analyses. For the JHAMT expression gel, the caption reports three independent individual shrimp samples per life-stage or body-region group, while the methods describe RNA from several individuals without source, sex, exact age, molt stage or allocation details.
Environment: Computational analysis of the 2014 short-read draft genome plus laboratory RT-PCR and Sanger sequencing from RNA isolated from several animals at different life stages; animal holding conditions were not reported in this article
Endpoints: reciprocal sequence homology, diagnostic protein domains, Bayesian phylogenetic placement, cloned partial cDNA sequence, GenBank accessions KJ200310-KJ200321, KJ579126-KJ579131 and KJ956470-KJ956473, semiquantitative JHAMT RT-PCR band presence across life-stage and body-region samples.
What it can support: The study catalogued candidate orthologues for sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis, binding and degradation; ecdysteroid biosynthesis; and putative hormone regulation or signal transduction in the source draft genome. It validated selected partial transcripts and reported stronger JHAMT gel bands in embryos and juvenile anterior samples than in adult posterior samples under its assay.
What it cannot support: Candidate sequence homology and transcript detection do not demonstrate the encoded protein, enzyme activity, endogenous juvenile hormone, methyl farnesoate or ecdysteroid concentration, tissue-specific function or a causal role in molting or reproduction. Shade was not recovered, which the authors attributed as possibly due to poor recovery of that genomic locus. The JHAMT comparison was a semiquantitative endpoint using equal total-RNA inputs, not qPCR with a reported reference gene, band densitometry or statistical model. Animal source, taxon verification, culture system, sex, exact age, molt and reproductive stage were not reported; the draft genome came from one unvouchered commercial adult. Supplementary alignments, phylogenies and primer details were referenced but were not accessible in this review and were not independently reanalyzed. No live-animal hormone treatment, RNA interference, molt frequency, ecdysis success, growth, survival, fertility or offspring outcome was measured. The paper does not validate a hormone supplement, insect-growth-regulator treatment, mineral dose, breeding intervention, molt diagnosis, commercial-line marker or consumer genetic test.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/molting, /care/genetics, /care/breeding
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Morphology or taxonomy
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Sonakowska et al., 2015. PLOS ONE 10(5): e0126900.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina heteropoda
Study shape: Digestive structures were examined with microtomography, light microscopy and electron microscopy.
Experimental unit: Prepared animal and tissue specimen
Environment: Laboratory microscopy and microtomography
Endpoints: intestine structure, hepatopancreas structure, cell ultrastructure.
What it can support: Method-confirmed internal digestive anatomy in the source taxon.
What it cannot support: An ordinary tank photograph cannot identify these internal organs, function or disease from colour alone.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/anatomy, /care/feeding, /care/health
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Tropea and López Greco, 2015. The Biological Bulletin 229(3): 243-254.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: Female condition, eggs and offspring were measured across five or six consecutive spawns and compared with non-reproducing females where relevant.
Experimental unit: Individual female or spawn, with offspring followed under the study protocol
Environment: Laboratory culture following females, eggs and offspring across repeated spawnings
Endpoints: eggs per spawn, egg biochemical composition, hatchlings, hatchling size, juvenile growth, female energy and mass.
What it can support: Later spawns had lower egg lipid and energy measures, and reproduction was associated with lower female energy and body mass under the protocol.
What it cannot support: It does not show that every later brood is inferior, diagnose poor care from female size or create a universal brood limit.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/breeding, /care/growth, /care/feeding
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Tropea, Stumpf and López Greco, 2015. PLOS ONE 10(3): e0119468.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina heteropoda heteropoda
Study shape: Egg incubation and 90-day juvenile culture were compared across three assigned temperatures.
Experimental unit: Brood or aquarium treatment unit, depending on endpoint
Environment: Laboratory aquaria at 24, 28 and 32 C
Endpoints: incubation duration, hatchlings per female, growth, survival, ovigerous females.
What it can support: Temperature changed incubation time and the shape of early growth and reproduction under the tested conditions.
What it cannot support: It did not establish a universal ideal temperature, a lifetime effect, a lethal limit or a rule that warmer always means better growth.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/temperature, /care/growth, /care/breeding
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
System observation or method study
Adjacent aquarium-system evidence
Bagchi et al., 2014. PLOS ONE 9(12): e113515.
Source taxon as published: Freshwater aquarium microbial communities, not a Neocaridina animal experiment
Study shape: Nitrogen balances and attached ammonia-oxidizer communities were measured across biofilter media and time.
Experimental unit: Aquarium and sampled biofilter medium
Environment: Three freshwater aquarium biofilters
Endpoints: nitrogen conversion, ammonia-oxidizer abundance, spatial and temporal stability.
What it can support: Attached aquarium biofilters can account for a large measured share of nitrification in the studied systems.
What it cannot support: It does not prove a filter model, media volume, cycle duration, turnover rate or Neocaridina toxicity boundary.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/cycling, /care/filtration, /care/water-changes
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Neocaridina identity evidence
Kenny et al., 2014. Marine Drugs 12(3): 1419-1437.
Source taxon as published: Commercially sourced red-patched animals identified as Neocaridina denticulata denticulata; no voucher, morphology or molecular host-identification method reported
Study shape: One adult supplied a 100-base-pair paired-end Illumina HiSeq2000 library with 364,013,140 reads. ABySS assembly used k-mer 51 and an assumed approximately 3-gigabase genome. A separate method experiment tested ten adults at each of five MS-222 concentrations from 1000 to 3000 mg/L and varied bath duration from 10 to 40 minutes.
Experimental unit: One commercially sourced adult for the nuclear and mitochondrial sequence resource. Individual adults were the anaesthesia units, but duration cells shown in Figure 8 contained only one to five recoverable animals and some concentration-duration combinations were omitted after insufficient induction or mortality.
Environment: Laboratory stock held in a recirculating freshwater aquarium at about 25 C; one starved and dissected adult supplied genomic DNA, while separate adults entered aerated MS-222 bath trials
Endpoints: draft contig metrics, core eukaryotic gene hits, mitochondrial genome recovery, candidate developmental gene-family hits, Daphnia protein-sequence matches, anaesthesia induction, first movement, complete recovery, three-day mortality follow-up.
What it can support: The short-read resource recovered a 15,565-base-pair mitochondrial genome and recognizable hits for 455 of 458 CEGMA core genes at the stated threshold. It also demonstrates that MS-222 concentration and bath duration changed induction and recovery under the tested laboratory method.
What it cannot support: The 99.3 percent result is a core-gene hit rate, not 99.3 percent whole-genome completeness. The draft contained 3,346,358 contigs, an N50 of 400 base pairs and 1.284 gigabases of assembled sequence against an assumed approximately 3-gigabase genome; the authors explicitly described poor recovery of non-coding regions and manually removed three bacterial-like contigs. One unvouchered seller animal cannot establish population variation, named-line ancestry, pedigree, purity, phenotype prediction or a consumer genetic test. The 3,750 putatively crustacean-specific matches depend on database content and an E-value cutoff and do not establish unique function. The anaesthesia cells were small, some animals died at 3000 mg/L and one of three died after 30 minutes at 2000 mg/L, so the protocol is not a home treatment, transport method, euthanasia instruction or general welfare guarantee.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/genetics, /care/species
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
System observation or method study
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Niwa et al., 2014. Central European Journal of Biology 9(1): 80-85.
Source taxon as published: Wild Sugo River shrimp identified only as Neocaridina spp.; the catch could include native N. denticulata denticulata and imported Neocaridina lineages
Study shape: The authors collected 271 host shrimp across nine years, mapped H. truncatus body locations on 141 hosts in 2011, measured 23 cocoons, observed 15 host-removed worms from 14 shrimp in no-added-food survival containers, and placed five removed worms sequentially with a reported pool of 28 potential host shrimp across several taxa.
Experimental unit: Individual host for mapped attachment location; individual cocoon for diameter; nominally individual host-removed worm, although only 13 of 15 worms receive a reported container and survival range; and an unresolved sequence of five worms exposed one host at a time in the host-exchange demonstration
Environment: Field collections at three Sugo River stations from 2003 to 2011 plus laboratory observations in source river water, aerated aquaria, individual bottles, dishes and 100 mL vials
Endpoints: host body location, cocoon diameter and embryo count, observed hatching and gill-chamber entry, days survived after host removal, attachment or predation during host exchange, movement from deteriorating to surviving captive hosts.
What it can support: Among 141 mapped wild hosts, reported H. truncatus locations were 55.3 percent between the first pleopod and fifth pereiopod, 17.0 percent on the carapace, 15.6 percent at the eye base, 8.5 percent on the antennule and 3.6 percent around the egg mass. Twenty-three cocoons measured 0.58 to 0.76 mm, and the largest observed cocoon contained 14 developing worms. Ten worms in 100 mL vials survived 7 to 46 days and three in dishes survived 12 to 21 days after host removal without added food. In the host-exchange observation, all five supplied worms attached to Neocaridina hosts within three hours.
What it cannot support: Host shrimp were resolved only to Neocaridina spp. in a river where native and introduced lineages were discussed, so the findings are not species-specific N. davidi evidence. The 271 total catch, 152 animals mentioned in the attachment procedure and 141 mapped hosts are not fully reconciled, station and date denominators are missing and the location percentages do not state whether each host contributed one location or all worms were counted. No molecular confirmation of host or worm identity was reported in this article. The survival containers differed in volume, light and temperature, two of 15 worms are absent from the reported ranges, ages were unknown, water was not renewed or analytically described, death criteria were not stated and there was no fed or host-present control. The five-worm host exchange omitted exposure order, reuse mapping, independent replication, container details and complete outcomes for 28 potential hosts. Disappearance under an opaque crayfish carapace was interpreted as migration rather than directly confirmed. Claims that egg-bearing hosts hatched healthy young had no defined denominator, comparison or follow-up. Observed migration from deteriorating hosts does not establish transmission probability or a quarantine duration. The study measured no controlled shrimp lesion, respiration, growth, reproduction, mortality causation, treatment efficacy, recurrence or host safety and cannot validate predatory tankmates, forced host deterioration, worm collection, medication or a fixed isolation period.
Open the source.
Related source material:
German National Library open full-text copy
Used in:
/care/health, /care/quarantine, /care/anatomy
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Neocaridina identity evidence
Sung et al., 2014. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 38(1): 8-13.
Source taxon as published: River-collected animals from Tainan County, Taiwan, identified in the paper as Neocaridina denticulata; no voucher, morphology or molecular identification method reported
Study shape: Nominal 96-hour mortality series tested acetaminophen and ibuprofen alone at 0.2, 0.6, 1, 1.5, 2, 4 and 8 mg/L; a 1:1 series; variable acetaminophen at 0.1, 1, 2, 4 or 7.5 mg/L plus fixed 0.5 mg/L ibuprofen; and variable ibuprofen at the same levels plus fixed 0.5 mg/L acetaminophen. Stocks were prepared in DMSO. Sodium chloride at 1 to 5 g/L was used as a reference chemical, and mortality was recorded at 2, 6, 24, 48 and 96 hours.
Experimental unit: The treatment beaker, with 20 shrimp reported per group. The paper says the experiment was repeated four times and every treatment was performed in duplicate, while its mortality table reports n = 4; it does not reconcile tests, duplicate beakers and the analyzed n or explain whether beaker-level results or pooled animal counts entered each model.
Environment: Ten- to fourteen-day-old, approximately 1.5 mm juveniles from acclimated river-source stock were tested in 1-litre glass beakers under a static-renewal guide; source stock was held at 25 +/- 1 C, pH 7.4 to 7.8, dissolved oxygen above 7.3 mg/L and hardness 38 to 45 mg CaCO3/L
Endpoints: mortality time course, 96-hour LC10 with 95 percent confidence interval, 96-hour LC50 with 95 percent confidence interval, sodium-chloride reference-chemical LC50.
What it can support: Under the nominal 96-hour protocol, reported LC50 values were 6.07 mg/L for acetaminophen, 6.60 mg/L for ibuprofen, 6.23 mg/L for the 1:1 series, 4.78 mg/L for variable acetaminophen plus 0.5 mg/L ibuprofen and 6.78 mg/L for variable ibuprofen plus 0.5 mg/L acetaminophen. The experiment supports ratio-specific mortality curves under those exact series.
What it cannot support: The treatment concentrations were nominal, the paper does not report analytical verification, the DMSO fraction or a DMSO-matched control, and renewal frequency and test-time feeding are not stated. The equal-ratio LC50 does not clearly say whether concentration means each component or their sum. The unequal-series LC50 values describe the variable component while omitting the fixed 0.5 mg/L co-exposure from the reported number. The confidence intervals overlap substantially, and the paper calls patterns synergistic or antagonistic without reporting a concentration-addition, independent-action, toxicity-unit, model-deviation or isobologram analysis. The abstract says a non-significant comparison had p < 0.05. The source and identity method, allocation and duplicate-to-n mapping are incomplete. Acute mortality in tiny juveniles does not establish a safe aquarium level, chronic outcome, medication instruction, disposal rule, wastewater prediction, decontamination method or universal rule for drug mixtures.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/chemical-safety
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
System observation or method study
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Nur and Christianus, 2013. Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 8(1): 108-115.
Source taxon as published: Aquarium-shop animals labelled Neocaridina denticulata sinensis; identification method not reported
Study shape: About 30 females and 30 males were conditioned separately for one month. Ten selected male-female pairs then shared one breeding aquarium. Ovigerous females were moved to individual 7 by 7 by 10 cm containers for hatch observations. Thirty healthy one-week-old offspring were selected into one shared aquarium and observed through a reported life-cycle sequence.
Experimental unit: One shared breeding aquarium for the ten pairs and one shared aquarium for the 30-offspring life-cycle cohort; individual ovigerous-female containers supplied brood observations, but the methods do not explain the greater number of points visible in the brood-mass graph or whether females contributed repeated broods
Environment: Dechlorinated aerated tap water at 27 to 28 C, pH 6.5 to 7.5, dissolved oxygen above 4 mg/L, reported ammonia and nitrite below 0.1 mg/L, commercial 40 percent protein feed offered ad libitum twice daily and about 50 percent weekly water renewal
Endpoints: mating and attached-egg timing, egg length, incubation time, hatchling total length, brood count, reported juvenile and first-maturity time, female mass and brood-count relationship, water context, observed Holtodrilus occurrence.
What it can support: Under the reported culture history, selected adults mated and carried eggs, incubation was reported as 15 days at 27 C, hatchlings had a shrimp-like form and measured about 2.3 mm total length, observed broods ranged from 21 to 51, and the selected shared offspring cohort was reported to reach first maturity near 75 days and 2.3 cm total length.
What it cannot support: Species identity rested on an aquarium-shop label without a reported diagnostic method. There was one breeding tank and one 30-offspring life-cycle tank, with no independent tank replication. Only healthy one-week-old offspring were selected, and survival, losses, family contributions, observation intervals, individual tracking and the denominator reaching maturity were not reported. The brood-mass figure shows more observations than the ten-pair method explains and labels R squared as 0.3589, while the text reports 0.9587 and 0.959. Water conditions and the 40 percent protein feed were not assigned comparisons, so they are context rather than optima. High mortality during Holtodrilus occurrence lacks a denominator and causal control. The claimed 5 to 10 ppt salinity response had no assigned treatment, untreated control, dose-duration, host-safety endpoint or recurrence follow-up and cannot support a salt treatment. Study duration and season coverage were not reported, so year-round reproduction was not established. The work cannot validate a universal 15-day incubation, 75-day maturity calendar, body-size threshold, feeding recipe, water-quality target or parasite treatment.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/sexing, /care/growth, /care/breeding, /care/health
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Tsai and Sung, 2013. International Journal of Ecology 2(4): 38-49.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina denticulata in the Chinese title and methods; Neocaridina denticulate in the English title
Study shape: The discovery procedure exposed shrimp to nominal 50 mg/L dipropyl phthalate for two hours followed by 12 hours in DPrP-free pond water before pooled RNA extraction. The concentration-response validation exposed groups for one day to nominal 0.5, 1 or 50 mg/L DPrP or DPrP-free pond water. DPrP stocks were prepared in acetone, but the control was not described as acetone matched. Suppression subtractive hybridization generated candidate expressed sequence tags, and 12 selected targets were checked by semi-quantitative RT-PCR.
Experimental unit: The paper describes three concentration groups and one control without reporting the number of independent exposure vessels, random allocation or a vessel-level analysis. Ten shrimp were pooled for each RNA sample, while the statistics section instead says each of at least five replicates used at least five shrimp, leaving the pooled biological-replicate construction internally inconsistent.
Environment: Aquarium-store shrimp acclimated for three days in 30 cm glass culture aquaria with pond water, fine sand, plants, an approximately 150 L/hour hang-on filter, eight hours of plant lighting and daily dried mosquito larvae
Endpoints: subtracted cDNA library, unique expressed sequence tags, semi-quantitative transcript abundance for 12 selected targets.
What it can support: The paper recovered 71 unique expressed sequence tags, including 23 matched to known-function sequences and 48 labelled unknown. Its main results, figures and summary table report that 4 of 12 selected transcripts differed from the control at nominal 0.5 mg/L, 8 at 1 mg/L and 6 at 50 mg/L after one day under the tested protocol.
What it cannot support: Concentrations were nominal and not analytically verified, acetone was not matched in the control, independent exposure-vessel replication was not reported, whole animals were pooled, control points were normalized rather than shown, and no multiplicity correction was described. The English abstract says all six responsive targets at 50 mg/L were upregulated, while the Chinese abstract, main text, figures and table show downregulation. The table footnote mistakenly names nonylphenol, and the abstract one-day discovery wording conflicts with the methods describing two hours of exposure plus 12 hours in clean water. Transcript changes do not establish protein abundance, immune competence, toxicity, survival, disease susceptibility, chronic harm, a plastic-product diagnosis, an aquarium threshold or a validated biomarker panel.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/chemical-safety
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Morphology or taxonomy
Adjacent biological evidence
Van Steenkiste et al., 2013. PLOS ONE 8(3): e59917.
Source taxon as published: Dalytyphloplanida flatworms, not Neocaridina
Study shape: Complete 18S and partial 28S rDNA sequences were analysed with maximum-likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic methods.
Experimental unit: Taxon sequence or specimen represented in the phylogeny
Environment: Molecular phylogenetic analysis across marine, freshwater and symbiotic flatworms
Endpoints: phylogenetic placement, freshwater transition reconstruction, symbiotic-lifestyle reconstruction.
What it can support: Flatworm lineages and life strategies cannot be inferred from a generic worm-like aquarium silhouette alone.
What it cannot support: The phylogeny does not identify a phone-video organism, demonstrate predation or determine whether an observed flatworm threatens shrimp.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/pests, /care/health
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Liu and Sung, 2011. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 87(3): 220-225.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina denticulata
Study shape: A preliminary one-day mortality check used nominal 0.1, 0.5, 0.75 and 1 mg/L nonylphenol. Formal one-day exposures used nominal 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 and 0.5 mg/L with 60 shrimp described per 18-litre treatment aquarium and a diluted DMSO solvent control. Suppression subtractive hybridization at 0.5 mg/L generated candidate expressed sequence tags, followed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR across the concentration series.
Experimental unit: Exposure aquarium for treatment assignment and pooled whole-animal RNA sample for transcript analysis. The accessible methods describe one aquarium per concentration and do not report independently replicated treatment vessels or random allocation. At least five RT-PCR pools were made from 50 animals, so animals within a pool were not independent transcript replicates.
Environment: Twenty-litre glass aquaria with 18 litres of pond water at 28 C, pH 6.9 to 7.5, dissolved oxygen above 4 mg/L and one-day nominal nonylphenol exposure
Endpoints: preliminary one-day mortality, expressed sequence tags, semi-quantitative transcript abundance.
What it can support: After one day, 14 selected transcripts differed from the solvent control under at least one nominal nonylphenol treatment, with most reported responses being downregulation. This establishes a short-term pooled whole-animal transcriptional response under the tested laboratory protocol.
What it cannot support: Concentrations were nominal and not analytically verified. Independent exposure-vessel replication was not reported, whole animals were pooled, and no multiplicity correction was described across genes and concentrations. The abstract says six transcripts responded at 0.01 mg/L while the results text says five, and a figure labels the comparator PBS-treated even though the methods describe a DMSO solvent control. A one-day mRNA change does not establish protein abundance, functional impairment, chronic harm, recovery, behaviour, disease, reproduction, an aquarium threshold, a household product diagnosis or a biomarker protocol.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/chemical-safety
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
System observation or method study
Adjacent aquarium-system evidence
Sauder et al., 2011. PLOS ONE 6(8): e23281.
Source taxon as published: Freshwater aquarium biofilter microorganisms, not a Neocaridina animal experiment
Study shape: qPCR, gene sequencing and water chemistry were compared across sampled freshwater biofilters, with saltwater filters and two supplements as context.
Experimental unit: Sampled aquarium biofilter; technical molecular replicates are not independent aquaria
Environment: Twenty-seven residential and retail freshwater aquarium biofilters in Ontario
Endpoints: amoA gene abundance, community fingerprints, ammonium, nitrite, nitrate.
What it can support: Thaumarchaeal ammonia-oxidizer genes dominated the detectable amoA signal in most sampled freshwater biofilters.
What it cannot support: Gene abundance does not measure complete nitrogen-processing capacity, prove a filter mature or prescribe a product, media volume or cycle duration.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/cycling, /care/filtration, /care/nitrogen
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Wang et al., 2010. Israeli Journal of Aquaculture - Bamidgeh 62(2): 78-84.
Source taxon as published: Wild-collected Neocaridina heteropoda from Baiyangdian Lake; no diagnostic identification method reported
Study shape: Nine hundred shrimp were assigned at 50 per tank to six manganese-sulfate supplementation levels, with three tanks per diet. The measured complete-diet manganese concentrations were 2.79, 22.57, 42.55, 62.69, 82.59 and 102.45 micrograms per gram. Shrimp received feed at a stated daily rate of 5 percent body weight for 30 days.
Experimental unit: Tank for the six assigned diets, with three tanks per diet in one shared-water recirculating system. Figure 1 reports n = 6 for biochemical assays, but the paper does not map those samples or pooled hemolymph back to individual shrimp and tank replicates or state whether tank entered the analysis.
Environment: Thirty-day freshwater recirculating-system feeding experiment at 25 +/- 1 C and pH 8.0, with all tanks connected to one reservoir and reported water manganese of 1.00 +/- 0.02 micrograms per litre in the abstract but micrograms per gram in the methods
Endpoints: percentage length gain, percentage weight gain, hemolymph superoxide-anion assay, muscle SOD activity, muscle GPX activity, muscle CAT activity.
What it can support: Under this complete-feed formulation and 30-day system, every manganese-supplemented group had higher reported length and weight gain than the 2.79-microgram-per-gram control diet. The 62.69-microgram-per-gram measured diet had the highest reported growth percentages and antioxidant-enzyme activities and the lowest reported superoxide-anion assay value.
What it cannot support: The experiment does not establish a universal dietary requirement or deficiency threshold. The control was not manganese-free, the basal mineral premix already listed manganese sulfate, and the diets differed only within one formulation and short culture history. The paper reports neither starting-to-ending size values nor a growth formula, feed intake, feed conversion, survival, tissue manganese, deficiency signs, molting, reproduction or long-term safety. Wild-source identity, sex and life stage were not resolved. Sample-to-tank mapping for the n = 6 biochemical results and pooled hemolymph is unclear, and the water manganese unit conflicts between abstract and methods. A peak response at one tested concentration without dose-response modeling does not validate adding manganese to aquarium water, mixing a supplement into finished food or using antioxidant-enzyme activity as proof of better health.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/feeding, /care/molting, /care/growth, /care/health
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Adjacent aquarium-system evidence
Wert et al., 2008. Water Research 42(1-2): 372-378.
Source taxon as published: Pilot drinking-water biofilters, not an aquarium animal experiment
Study shape: Backwash chlorination, filter depth and filtration rate were compared while residual ammonia and biodegradable organic matter were measured.
Experimental unit: Pilot filter
Environment: Three pilot sand-and-anthracite drinking-water filters
Endpoints: ammonia conversion, nitrite, nitrate, biodegradable organic matter removal.
What it can support: Backwash disinfection history and filtration rate changed nitrification in these pilot drinking-water filters.
What it cannot support: A municipal pilot filter does not prescribe aquarium rinsing, flow, media replacement or safe shrimp exposure, and chlorine effects depend on the tested system.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/water-changes, /care/filtration, /care/cycling
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Huang et al., 2006. Chemosphere 64(1): 11-16.
Source taxon as published: Wild-collected Neocaridina denticulata from rivers in northern Taiwan
Study shape: Nominal chlordane treatments of 1 and 10 ng/L and lindane treatments of 0.1 and 1 microgram/L were compared with no-pesticide, acetone-vehicle and alcohol-dissolved estradiol positive controls. Female hormone-associated groups ran through 28 days. Separate groups of 20 males and 20 females per treatment were followed through oogenesis, after which each ovigerous female was moved to a 1-litre treatment beaker through hatch.
Experimental unit: The hormone-associated 10-litre exposure beaker was described as triplicate, with three shrimp pooled per sample and figure n of 15 not mapped to the beaker means. Each reproductive treatment instead used one shared 10-litre beaker, so the females and later broods were nested within a single treatment vessel.
Environment: Glass-beaker static-renewal exposure at 25 C, pH 7.4 to 7.8 and hardness 38 to 45 mg/L as CaCO3, with water renewed every 48 hours
Endpoints: estradiol assay, alkali-labile phosphate response, time to oogenesis, ovigerous rate, egg count and diameter, hatch count.
What it can support: The paper reports treatment-associated hormone-response changes and substantially reduced reproductive and hatching outcomes in several nominal chlordane and lindane groups under its exposure protocol.
What it cannot support: Exposure concentrations were nominal. Estradiol used alcohol without a described alcohol-matched control, the vehicle amount is reported in concentration units, and repeated paired t tests have no reported multiplicity correction. The reproductive comparison had one shared treatment beaker and only 0 to 8 of 20 females per group became ovigerous, making the later egg and hatch denominators small and conditional. The paper is a third distinct experiment from the same author group, not an independent replication of either 2004 cohort. It does not establish an aquarium pesticide threshold, diagnose a household event, demonstrate a mechanism or validate a treatment.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/chemical-safety, /care/breeding
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Field observation
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Jeong, Oh and Ma, 2006. Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 39(Special Issue): 198-202.
Source taxon as published: Wild Neocaridina denticulata denticulata collected around Wolchulsan in Yeongam County, Korea
Study shape: Only ovigerous field females were selected for brood analysis. Carapace length was measured to 0.01 mm, every attached egg was counted and classified as non-eyed or eyed, five eggs per female were sampled for long- and short-axis volume estimates, and females plus eggs were dried for 48 hours at 80 C for reproductive-output calculations. Separate monthly groups of 48 to 60 females supplied gonadosomatic-index measurements.
Experimental unit: The individual selected ovigerous female for brood, egg-volume and reproductive-output results; the monthly female sample for the cross-sectional gonadosomatic series. Table 1 reports 43 Neocaridina females, while Table 2 reports 35 non-eyed-stage and 48 eyed-stage females.
Environment: One Korean valley-stream population collected by scoop net during 2001, fixed in 5 percent neutral formalin and analyzed in the laboratory
Endpoints: carapace length, attached egg count, egg volume, female and egg dry weight, reproductive output, monthly gonadosomatic index, ovarian dry weight by embryo stage.
What it can support: Among 43 selected ovigerous females measuring 5.69 to 7.85 mm carapace length, broods ranged from 47 to 117 eggs with a reported mean of 82 +/- 18. Mean sampled egg volume was 0.70 mm3, and reported reproductive output averaged 41.84 percent. Monthly gonadosomatic index was 3.8 to 4.3 from January through March, peaked at 27.5 in May, remained above 10 through July and declined from August. At a common carapace-length slope, ovarian dry weight was higher in females carrying eyed rather than non-eyed eggs, supporting ovarian rematuration during embryo development in this field sample.
What it cannot support: The published taxon is N. denticulata denticulata from one wild Korean population, not captive N. davidi or a selected aquarium line. The article does not report a taxonomic key or voucher, exact collection dates, effort, water temperature, chemistry, food, female source denominator or annual replication. Selection of ovigerous females prevents estimating prevalence, mating success or population fecundity. Preservation and destructive cross-sectional sampling mean individual females were not followed through hatch or a second brood; ovarian rematuration supports only the potential for consecutive spawning. Egg fertilization, retention, hatch, juvenile survival and brood loss were not measured. The monthly field pattern is not a temperature treatment, aquarium breeding calendar, clutch forecast or care target.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/breeding, /care/sexing
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Morphology or taxonomy
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Naruse, Shokita and Cai, 2006. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 119(1): 25-31.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina iriomotensis Naruse, Shokita and Cai, 2006, described from the upper reaches of Nishifunatsuki in the Nakama River, Iriomote Island, Japan
Study shape: The listed material contains one male holotype, 41 paratypes and 49 non-type specimens collected on seven dates from November 1999 through June 2000. Only specimens above 4 mm carapace length were used for the description. Characters were drawn with a camera lucida and measured to 0.01 mm; proportional summaries report medians, ranges and varying sample sizes from 73 to 83. The treatment compared the new species with published N. anhuiensis and topotypic N. ishigakiensis morphology.
Experimental unit: Individual field specimen for morphological ratios and qualitative seasonal comparison; the paper does not report the female or egg denominator underlying its egg-size and 21-to-82 clutch ranges
Environment: Field-collected from the lower part of a headwater reach in the upper Nakama River, described as about 5 to 10 m wide, approximately 1 m deep and slow-flowing, where shrimp occurred on aquatic vegetation and tree roots with Macrobrachium shokitai; no water chemistry or temperature was reported
Endpoints: deposited type and non-type material, rostrum armature and length, pterygostomian spine, pereiopod proportions, season-associated third-pereiopod form, male first and second pleopod morphology, egg dimensions and reported clutch range, habitat and distribution description.
What it can support: The 2006 morphological treatment supports recognizing N. iriomotensis within its stated species concept and distinguishes its sampled material from N. anhuiensis and N. ishigakiensis using combinations of rostrum, pterygostomian-spine, pereiopod and male pleopod characters. It also documents that the third pereiopod showed sex-associated form in summer specimens but no sexual difference in winter specimens, demonstrating that season can affect the availability of an identification character.
What it cannot support: All listed material came from one named upper-reach locality in the Nakama River, and qualitative wording that the shrimp was common lacks sampling effort and a population denominator. No molecular analysis was included; proposed headwater ecomorph populations had intermediate rostrum lengths and were retained only tentatively pending molecular and ecological study. Published comparisons relied partly on earlier descriptions rather than a balanced multi-population validation, character sample sizes varied because not every specimen contributed every ratio, and no blind key-performance test was conducted. Egg and clutch ranges lack female, clutch and egg denominators. The paper reports no water temperature, pH, hardness, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, nitrogen measurements, diet, culture comparison or aquarium outcome. It cannot identify an aquarium animal from colour or one photograph, authenticate a seller line, prove genetic separation or reproductive isolation, map the complete species range, establish population abundance, or supply a care target, breeding forecast or seasonal aquarium rule.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/species, /care/anatomy, /care/sexing, /care/breeding, /care/parameters, /care/surplus
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Huang and Chen, 2004. International Journal of Toxicology 23(2): 91-95.
Source taxon as published: Wild-collected Neocaridina denticulata from rivers in Taipei County, Taiwan
Study shape: An acute static-renewal series estimated 96-hour mortality responses to nominal chlordane and lindane concentrations. A separate 28-day experiment compared nominal chlordane at 1 and 10 ng/L and lindane at 0.1 and 1 microgram/L with no-pesticide, acetone-vehicle and alcohol-dissolved estradiol positive controls, sampling on days 1, 3, 7, 14 and 28.
Experimental unit: The exposure beaker. The acute treatments used 20 shrimp in 5-litre beakers and were described as triplicate. The chronic groups used 100 juveniles in a 10-litre beaker described as run in triplicate, but the article does not state the sampled-animal count, allocation among beakers or analysis unit.
Environment: Glass-beaker exposure after two weeks of acclimation at 25 +/- 1 C, pH 7.4 to 7.8, dissolved oxygen above 7.3 mg/L and hardness 38 to 45 mg/L as CaCO3
Endpoints: 96-hour mortality and LC50 estimate, testosterone enzyme immunoassay, alkali-labile phosphate response.
What it can support: The article reports acute mortality concentration responses, lower testosterone-associated measurements after both pesticides and a transient alkali-labile phosphate increase after chlordane under its nominal exposure protocols.
What it cannot support: The article says the acute experiment had 10 groups even though its table lists more concentration rows, prints the chlordane confidence limits in descending order and does not report measured water concentrations. Alkali-labile phosphate was an acknowledged nonspecific proxy for vitellogenin-like protein. The chronic sampling denominator and beaker-to-assay mapping are absent, estradiol used alcohol without a described alcohol-matched control, and repeated paired t tests have no reported multiplicity correction. The study does not establish a household threshold, safe concentration, mechanism, diagnosis or validated biomarker.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/chemical-safety
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Huang, Wang and Chen, 2004. Chemosphere 57(11): 1621-1627.
Source taxon as published: Wild-collected male Neocaridina denticulata from rivers in Taipei County, Taiwan
Study shape: Nominal chlordane at 1 and 10 ng/L and lindane at 0.1 and 1 microgram/L were compared for 28 days with no-pesticide, acetone-vehicle and alcohol-dissolved estradiol positive controls. Hormone-associated samples were taken on days 1, 3, 7, 14 and 28, and masculine-appendage measurements on days 3, 7, 14 and 28.
Experimental unit: The 10-litre exposure beaker, described as triplicate for each group. The article says 150 males were used per group, while figure-level n values are 15 for hormone-associated assays and 6 for appendage measurements without explaining their distribution among the three beakers.
Environment: Ten-litre glass-beaker exposure after two weeks of acclimation at 25 +/- 1 C, pH 7.4 to 7.8, dissolved oxygen above 7.3 mg/L and hardness 38 to 45 mg/L as CaCO3
Endpoints: estradiol enzyme immunoassay, testosterone enzyme immunoassay, alkali-labile phosphate response, masculine appendage to cephalothorax length ratio.
What it can support: The paper reports treatment-associated estradiol and testosterone measurements, an alkali-labile phosphate increase only in the high chlordane group and early changes in the masculine-appendage length ratio under several nominal treatments.
What it cannot support: Water concentrations and a renewal schedule were not reported. Alkali-labile phosphate was a nonspecific proxy rather than a vitellogenin-specific assay. Estradiol used alcohol without a described alcohol-matched control. The analysis used repeated paired t tests without a reported multiplicity correction and does not explain how animal-level n values map to replicate beakers. Appendage effects varied by concentration and time and reproductive competence was not tested. The study does not validate an external-sign diagnosis, mechanism, household threshold, safe concentration or biomarker.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/chemical-safety
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Field observation
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Oh et al., 2003. Crustaceana 76(8): 993-1015.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina denticulata denticulata from the Young-am stream in Korea
Study shape: Five replicate 0.4-square-metre littoral vegetation samples were collected monthly with a 0.5 mm scoop net; size frequencies, gonads, broods and eggs were used for seasonal population and reproductive estimates.
Experimental unit: The 0.4-square-metre box sample, with five scheduled samples per month
Environment: A permanent temperate stream sampled monthly from July 1999 through June 2001
Endpoints: field density, carapace length frequency, sex ratio, ovigerous season, brood count, egg volume and mass, ovarian stage, modeled growth and maturity.
What it can support: This population showed seasonal reproduction from May through September, measured broods of 53 to 146 eggs and different maturity estimates when mature ovaries and ovigerous status were used as endpoints.
What it cannot support: This is a field population of the published N. denticulata subspecies, not an N. davidi aquarium trial. Growth and cohort parameters were modeled from monthly length frequencies, animals were not tracked individually and field density is not aquarium capacity.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/growth, /care/breeding, /care/sexing
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Morphology or taxonomy
Adjacent biological evidence
Cai and Ng, 1999. Journal of Natural History 33(11): 1603-1638.
Source taxon as published: Caridina serrata species group, including Lam Tsuen material previously reported as Neocaridina serrata
Study shape: Published descriptions, neotypes and re-examined material were compared using rostral formula, stylocerite, pereiopod, pleopod and other morphological characters across the Caridina serrata group.
Experimental unit: Examined specimen and collection lot; the Lam Tsuen conclusion used later material from the same river population, including Dudgeon-collected lots, rather than a reported re-examination of every animal sampled for the 1985 population study
Environment: Museum and field-collected freshwater shrimp material from southern China, including Lam Tsuen River and other Hong Kong localities
Endpoints: taxonomic diagnosis, genus placement, species reassignment, morphological distinction, locality record.
What it can support: The Lam Tsuen population published by Dudgeon in 1985 and 1987 as Neocaridina serrata was reassigned to Caridina cantonensis. The revision also concluded that neither C. cantonensis nor C. serrata belongs in Neocaridina because the distal half of the male first pleopod lacks the Neocaridina condition.
What it cannot support: The revision does not make every aquarium animal sold as C. cantonensis taxonomically verified, resolve all later Caridina species-group relationships or convert Dudgeon field results into captive care guidance. It did not re-run the 1985 population study, and its reassignment does not establish temperature, lifespan, maturity, clutch or abundance rules for N. davidi.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/species, /care/anatomy, /care/growth, /care/breeding, /care/temperature
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Controlled experiment
Adjacent aquarium-system evidence
Hovanec et al., 1998. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64(1): 258-264.
Source taxon as published: Freshwater aquarium nitrifying communities, not a Neocaridina animal experiment
Study shape: Molecular probes, clone libraries and water chemistry followed nitrite oxidizers during aquarium establishment and an additive comparison.
Experimental unit: Aquarium for treatment and chemistry; sampled gravel or biofilter material for molecular endpoints
Environment: Ammonium-dosed freshwater aquaria and aquarium biofilter samples
Endpoints: ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, rRNA sequence and probe signal.
What it can support: Nitrospira-like organisms appeared with nitrite oxidation in the tested freshwater aquarium systems.
What it cannot support: One establishment design does not establish a universal cycle day, prove an additive effective or certify animal-ready capacity.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/cycling, /care/filtration, /care/nitrogen
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Field observation
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Niwa and Hamano, 1990. Researches on Crustacea 19: 43-54.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina denticulata from the Sugow River in Japan
Study shape: Daytime sweep-net collections lasting two to three hours were measured to 0.1 mm body length and grouped into inferred seasonal cohorts; a later three-mesh comparison examined size selectivity.
Experimental unit: Collection date and sampled river reach, with individual measurements nested within each collection
Environment: An approximately 50-square-metre vegetated river reach sampled 26 times from May 1985 through May 1986
Endpoints: body-length frequency, sex ratio, ovigerous season, smallest ovigerous length, inferred cohort timing and growth.
What it can support: Across 19,084 collected shrimp, newly hatched animals appeared in samples from June through August and length-frequency analysis supported three seasonal cohort types in this river population.
What it cannot support: Cohorts were inferred rather than composed of marked animals, daytime effort was time based, net selectivity affected small animals and sex below 8 mm was allocated using an estimated ratio. The results do not establish N. davidi aquarium age, maturity or lifespan.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/growth, /care/breeding, /care/sexing
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.
Review or synthesis
Adjacent biological evidence
Greenaway, 1985. Biological Reviews 60(3): 425-454.
Source taxon as published: Broad marine, freshwater and terrestrial Crustacea review
Study shape: Published work on calcium storage, loss, uptake and exoskeleton calcification was synthesized across crustacean taxa.
Experimental unit: Published source, not a new Neocaridina experiment
Environment: Review of crustacean calcium balance across environments and molt stages
Endpoints: calcium storage, environmental calcium uptake, hemolymph calcium, exoskeleton calcification.
What it can support: Calcium handling and calcification change across the crustacean molt cycle, and freshwater taxa have evolved calcium-uptake strategies.
What it cannot support: A broad crustacean review does not establish a Neocaridina GH optimum, diagnose a failed molt or show that adding a calcium product corrects an observed problem.
Open the source.
Used in:
/care/molting, /care/parameters
Citation export: CSL-JSON or RIS. Both retain this record's support and limit notes.