Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
McIvor et al., 2026. Aquaculture Research 2026(1): 6618042.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi, red cherry variant
Study shape: Three aquaria per treatment received 0, 20, 2000 or 20000 smooth 38 to 45 micrometre particles per litre, starting with 20 females and five males per aquarium.
Experimental unit: Thirty-litre aquarium, with three aquaria per concentration
Environment: Twelve 30-litre aquaria with sponge filtration and five months of smooth polystyrene-sphere exposure
Endpoints: particle ingestion, monthly mortality, counts by size class, post-exposure mortality.
What it can support: The two higher tested concentrations increased mortality and changed population size-class counts under the five-month exposure.
What it cannot support: Fecundity, gonads and individual growth trajectories were not measured, so size-class counts do not directly establish slower reproduction or individual growth rates; the treatments are not aquarium safety thresholds.
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Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Azhar et al., 2025. Planetary Sustainability 3(2): 56-76.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi, red cherry adults
Study shape: Five approximately 42 percent protein formulas replaced 0, 25, 50, 75 or 100 percent of fish meal with black soldier fly larvae meal. The actual meal contents were 0, 10.8, 21.68, 32.62 and 43.64 percent of the complete dry formulas. Each diet was assigned to five aquaria containing one male and one female, fed to satiation twice daily.
Experimental unit: The 3-litre aquarium, with five aquaria per diet; treatment was assigned by aquarium, but the one-way ANOVA description does not state whether aquarium or animal observations entered each endpoint analysis
Environment: Twenty-five 3-litre aquaria with Java moss during a 60-day feeding trial, with daily water checks, 20 percent water exchange every three days and 50 percent weekly exchange
Endpoints: feed intake, survival, length gain, weight gain, specific growth rate, shed-molt count, ovary measurement, reported offspring count, colour coordinates.
What it can support: The 50 percent fish-meal-replacement formula, which contained 21.68 percent black soldier fly meal, had higher reported length gain, weight gain and specific growth rate than the 75 and 100 percent replacement formulas. The table letters did not distinguish it from the control or 25 percent replacement groups. Survival, ovary measurement, reported offspring count and colour intensity did not differ statistically among diets.
What it cannot support: This was a complete-formula comparison, not a test of adding 50 percent insect meal to finished food. Fish meal, black soldier fly meal, fish oil, corn meal and cellulose changed together, while measured lipid and ash also varied; amino acids, fatty acids and energy were not reported. Every diet contained the same Spirulina and astaxanthin. Feeding was described as both to satiation and predetermined, without an exact ration, uneaten-feed recovery method or leaching correction, and measured water values were not reported. The analysis unit was not explicit. The published molting equation multiplies molts per starting shrimp by 100, while the table reports 4.8 to 7.6 percent without reconciling the scale. Ovary size was calculated as length times width but reported in cm, one figure caption refers to male ovary development, and post-mortality brood denominators are unclear. The study does not establish a universal 50 percent recipe, a whole-insect feeding method, reproductive safety, a colour benefit or a home molting rate.
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Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Chen et al., 2025. Antioxidants 14(6): 635.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina denticulata
Study shape: One hundred twenty juveniles were assigned to a basal diet or feed containing 0.4, 4 or 40 micrograms methyl farnesoate per kilogram, with repeated length measurements and end-point biochemical and transcriptomic assays.
Experimental unit: Not recoverable as an independent tank unit: the paper describes four diet groups but does not report replicate tanks; RNA sequencing used three individual shrimp per group
Environment: Forty-day laboratory feeding study at 26 C with a 14-hour light and 10-hour dark cycle and recirculating filtration
Endpoints: body length growth rate, digestive enzyme activity, oxidative-stress assays, whole-animal gene expression.
What it can support: The reported length, enzyme, oxidative-stress and gene-expression outcomes varied with dietary methyl farnesoate concentration and time in the study population.
What it cannot support: The paper does not describe replicated tanks, so diet may be confounded with one group or culture system and individual shrimp do not repair that treatment-level replication problem. The control feed is not explicitly described as ethanol-vehicle matched, and prepared-feed hormone concentration, stability, leaching, intake and internal dose were not verified. Survival, reproduction, long-term safety and withdrawal were not established. This study cannot support a home additive, water dose, growth product or breeding treatment.
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Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Kusuma et al., 2025. Juvenil 6(3): 290-300.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina sp., laboratory reproduction-stock animals without species, line or identification method reported
Study shape: Tubifex sp., Chironomus larvae, Daphnia sp. or an unidentified Spirulina pellet control were assigned to three aquaria each. The paper states one shrimp per litre, one week of acclimation and ad-libitum availability checked twice daily, with old food replaced when present.
Experimental unit: Aquarium assigned to feed, with three aquaria per treatment; the exact integer starting count is not stated, because the reported 21.6-litre volume and one-animal-per-litre density do not resolve it, and endpoint animal or aquarium denominators are not supplied
Environment: Twelve nominal 21.6-litre aquaria at approximately 25.49 to 26.86 C, pH 6.34 to 7.57 and dissolved oxygen 5.125 to 5.205 mg/L during a 40-day feeding comparison with weekly siphoning
Endpoints: survival, absolute length gain, absolute weight gain, ordinal visible-red colour score, feed proximate composition, temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen.
What it can support: Across the reported 40-day treatment means, Tubifex aquaria had the highest survival mean at 85.00 percent and highest colour-score mean at 3.50. Reported length and weight gains were not statistically distinguished among feeds. The comparison supports only that these four complete feed treatments produced different reported survival and visible-colour patterns under this protocol.
What it cannot support: The animals were identified only to genus, and source line, sex, age, life stage, starting size, starting colour balance and randomization method were not reported. Feed amounts and actual intake were not measured, the live foods and pellet differed in physical form and proximate composition, the Spirulina pellet was not identified, and proximate values lack replicate error and a stated wet- or dry-matter basis. Aquarium is the assigned unit, but the analysis does not state whether aquarium means were modeled, how many animals entered each endpoint or whether colour scoring was blinded under standardized lighting and background. The written method describes four colour scores while Figure 1 shows five with conflicting descriptions. The table note says different letters indicate a difference at P greater than 0.05 while the text says P less than 0.05. The discussion substitutes Hermetia illucens for Daphnia in one passage and later says Chironomus and Daphnia produced more intense colour than Tubifex, contradicting the table. Water ranges are pooled rather than treatment-specific, and nitrogen, mortality timing, feed-borne organisms, disease, reproduction, composition and long-term safety were not measured. This does not establish Tubifex as a complete or safest food, a live-feed dose, a colour-grade method or a recommendation to introduce wild or cultured worms into a home aquarium.
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Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Luan et al., 2025. Biomolecules 15(6): 815.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: Hepatopancreases from mature red females were pooled in threes, exposed outside the animal to farnesoic acid or methyl farnesoate and compared by RNA sequencing, pathway analysis and qPCR.
Experimental unit: Pooled hepatopancreas sample from three females, with three pooled samples per condition for the 3-hour RNA sequencing comparison
Environment: Excised hepatopancreas tissue cultured at 25 C in Schneider's Drosophila medium with 1 ppm farnesoic acid or methyl farnesoate
Endpoints: differential gene expression, pathway enrichment, qPCR agreement.
What it can support: Excised female hepatopancreas tissue showed different short-term gene-expression responses to the two tested sesquiterpenoid hormones, including digestive-enzyme-associated transcripts after farnesoic acid exposure.
What it cannot support: This was an excised-organ experiment, not a whole-animal feeding, water, growth, molt, reproduction or safety trial. The paper does not document a hormone stock solvent or a matched vehicle control, and its sequencing wording does not make the timing of the control collection fully clear. Pathway labels and gene expression do not establish improved digestion, immunity, growth or vitellogenesis.
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System observation or method study
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Pierre, Kotani and Irabor, 2025. Crustacean Research 54: 19-33.
Source taxon as published: Cultured Neocaridina denticulata from Kagoshima University; identification method not reported
Study shape: Offspring from 25 similarly staged ovigerous females were pooled in one tank after the females were removed. Cross-sectional samples were measured at four known-age checkpoints; whole animals were homogenized in ten-animal pools for amylase, lipase and protease assays, and three 60-day juveniles plus three animals described as adults were sectioned for histology.
Experimental unit: Individual for destructive cross-sectional length and wet mass; ten-animal whole-body pool with three pools per enzyme checkpoint; individual section for three juvenile and three adult histology samples; every juvenile sample shared one rearing tank
Environment: One pooled juvenile rearing tank with hornwort, filtration, aeration, twice-daily 51 percent crude-protein feed and weekly 30 percent water replacement; recorded temperature 16.9 to 19.1 C
Endpoints: total body length, wet mass, daily temperature, pH, ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and dissolved oxygen, whole-body amylase, lipase and protease specific activity, general histological structure and organ dimensions.
What it can support: In the one pooled cohort, reported mean total length rose from 2.85 mm at day 15 to 4.67, 7.84 and 12.58 mm at days 30, 45 and 60, while mean wet mass rose from 1 to 8, 17 and 39 mg. The whole-body pools detected amylase, lipase and protease activity, with reported protease activity increasing across the four juvenile checkpoints.
What it cannot support: Age, sampling date and changing culture history were confounded, with no parallel age-matched control or replicate rearing tank. The destructive cross-sectional samples did not follow the same individuals, family contributions and starting denominator were unknown, survival was not reported and feed amount or intake was not measured. Temperature was observed rather than assigned, so normal-looking growth cannot establish cold tolerance, an optimum or absence of adverse effects. The pH and nitrogen values varied and their exact analytical reporting bases were incomplete. Whole-body homogenates do not isolate digestive tissue, and three pools from one tank do not independently replicate an age effect. The Brunner-Munzel comparison plan, exact p-values, multiplicity handling and figure error bars were not fully reported. The three-per-stage histology comparison cannot establish isometric growth. Animals described as adults were also said to come from the breeding tank, so age and cohort identity are unclear; a 75-day label does not establish reproductive maturity. The study tested no diet, protein level, feeding frequency, digestibility, long-term health or lifespan outcome and cannot prescribe stage-specific food.
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Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Lima, 2023. UNESP undergraduate thesis, 22 pages.
Source taxon as published: Aquarium-shop Neocaridina davidi stock and aquarium-shop Biomphalaria glabrata; diagnostic methods and snail infection status were not reported
Study shape: Forty-two one-week-old shrimp were randomly selected and individually assigned as 14 animals per treatment to excess daily Sano S-PAK pellets, excised B. glabrata mantle, or an equal pellet-and-mantle offering. Animals were weighed every 14 days and sexed after 56 days.
Experimental unit: Individual 600 mL beaker containing one shrimp. The final analysis and figure contain 14 pellet, 13 snail-only and 13 mixed animals, but the loss of two of the 42 starters is not reconciled with the reported 100 percent survival.
Environment: Fifty-six-day laboratory feeding experiment at 25 C in individual 600 mL beakers with 1.6 g wet Java moss, daily partial water replacement and biofilm removal every 14 days
Endpoints: initial and final wet mass, mass gain, daily mass gain, specific growth rate, day-56 phenotypic sex, reported survival.
What it can support: Under this short individual-beaker protocol, the reported two-factor ANOVA detected no feeding-treatment main effect on mass gain and detected a sex main effect, with females gaining more mass than males.
What it cannot support: Failure to detect a treatment difference is not an equivalence or noninferiority test, and the small post-hoc sex groups were highly imbalanced. Food was offered in excess, but portion, consumed mass, leftovers, leaching and feed conversion were not measured. Snail mantle composition, pathogen screening, storage and water effects were not tested, and the snails had been raised on the same pellet used as the comparator. The abstract swaps the snail-only and mixed sex counts relative to the results, the stated 100 percent survival conflicts with 42 starters and 40 analyzed animals, and the mixed-female table mean of 0.335 g is impossible relative to the treatment final mass and plotted values. The paper reports no diet-by-sex interaction, exact treatment contrasts, power or raw data. It cannot establish that snail tissue is nutritionally complete, equivalent to formulated feed, pathogen-safe, humane to prepare, suitable as an infestation-control method or appropriate for routine home feeding.
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Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Razekenari et al., 2023. Aquatic Toxicology 259: 106519.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: Six nominal EE2 concentrations from 0 to 200 micrograms/L were assigned to three aquaria each, with 30 females per aquarium. Ten ready females per treatment were later mated in clean water with unexposed males, eggs were removed for artificial incubation and unexposed offspring were followed for 10 days across five successive spawns.
Experimental unit: The 8-litre exposure aquarium, with three aquaria per concentration; later mating, artificial-incubation and offspring units differed by endpoint
Environment: Eighteen 15-litre laboratory aquaria with 8 litres of useful water at 26 to 28 C, complete water replacement and redosing every two days during 210 days of nominal EE2 exposure
Endpoints: female survival, female weight and length, time to first spawning, interspawn interval, fecundity, egg volume, hatching, hatchling size, 10-day offspring size and survival.
What it can support: Under this nominal exposure protocol, females in the two lowest nonzero treatments were heavier and longer but produced fewer eggs and had lower hatching outcomes, while every nonzero treatment had lower adult survival than the control.
What it cannot support: Exposure concentrations were nominal and not analytically verified. The control was clean water rather than an ethanol-matched vehicle, the written stock-volume calculation conflicts with the reported maximum ethanol percentage and control survival was only 57.3 percent. Full water was replaced every two days, males and offspring were not directly exposed and eggs were artificially incubated. The study does not establish a household threshold, a beneficial low dose, an environmental safe level or an aquarium treatment.
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Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Kaya et al., 2022. Marine and Life Sciences 4(2): 146-151.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi, red cherry study stock
Study shape: A basal commercial feed, four feeds containing 1 to 4 g galacto-oligosaccharide per kg and four corresponding feeds also containing 1 mL Enterogermina per kg were assigned to three tanks each, with ten shrimp per tank for 30 days.
Experimental unit: Tank was the assigned treatment unit, with three tanks per diet and ten shrimp per tank; the published analysis did not state whether tank was modeled as the unit, and sex-specific groups were formed only after endpoint sexing
Environment: Twenty-seven 10-litre plastic tanks at 26 C with shelter, algae, twice-daily feeding to satiation and daily water measurements for 30 days
Endpoints: final body weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, survival.
What it can support: Under this 30-day protocol, some galacto-oligosaccharide diets with or without the Bacillus clausii product had higher reported mass and growth metrics than the basal-feed control. The 2 g galacto-oligosaccharide plus 1 mL product per kg group had the highest table values for several sex-specific growth and feed-conversion outcomes.
What it cannot support: There was no probiotic-only group, so the design cannot isolate a Bacillus clausii main effect or demonstrate synergy. Finished-feed bacterial viability, additive retention, galacto-oligosaccharide composition and actual consumed ration were not verified; feeding was to satiation and no consumption correction was described. The statistical unit and endpoint sex grouping are unclear, initial sex-specific weights were repeated even though sex was not detectable at allocation, and there were only three tanks per diet for 30 days. Survival language is internally inconsistent. No microbiome, colonization, immune, disease-challenge, pathogen, reproduction, colour, body-composition, histology or long-term endpoint was measured. A human probiotic product in experimental feed is not an aquarium-water dose, bacterial starter, medicine or universal food recipe.
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System observation or method study
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Fairfield, 2020. Doctoral thesis, University of East Anglia.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: Two cross-sectional analytical-method studies compared proposed molecular age markers across bounded-age aquarium cohorts. One measured global DNA methylation in 100 samples from four age groups using a commercial ELISA kit. The other sequenced amplified mitochondrial DNA from 151 samples across seven age groups, with 128 empirical samples passing sequencing and mapping quality control and 127 retained after the prespecified influence review removed one 40-day outlier.
Experimental unit: Individual tissue sample nested within one selected cohort aquarium for each sampled age group. Cohorts began with 5 to 7 berried females fertilized within eight days of one another, age was assigned from the first female fertilization date and therefore represented a maximum rather than exact age, and the 7-day egg group came from one female. The thesis does not establish independent replicate cohort tanks within an age comparison.
Environment: Commercial red cherry shrimp reared in university cohort aquaria containing equal parts dechlorinated tap and reverse-osmosis water at 22 to 24 C and fed commercial fish wafers ad libitum
Endpoints: global DNA methylation by ELISA, ELISA technical and plate variability, mitochondrial sequence coverage, point heteroplasmy count, haplotype reconstruction, variant-caller and technical-replicate checks.
What it can support: After recalibrating inconsistent ELISA standards, global DNA methylation differed across the four age groups because the 40-day group was higher than juvenile and adult groups; juvenile and adult groups did not differ. The author concluded that this kit-based global measure was not a reliable chronological-age marker. Across approximately 6 kb of mitochondrial sequence in 127 retained shrimp, the number of point heteroplasmies did not differ among seven groups from 7 to 210 days after fertilization once one influential 40-day animal was removed. The second method therefore did not yield a usable age marker under this protocol.
What it cannot support: This was not a hatch-to-death survival or lifespan study. The repeatedly cited approximately 13-month captive lifespan came from another source and was used only to describe sampling coverage. One selected tank per age group leaves age inseparable from cohort-tank, family and shared-history effects; the egg group came from one mother; age windows were based on fertilization rather than observed hatch; sex, family contributions, starting denominators, deaths and censoring were not reported; and only 5 of 9 sampled 210-day animals passed quality control. The methylation result depended on recalibrated controls after only 30 of 100 raw readings fell within the supplied standard curves, with 61.7 percent inter-plate variation before recalibration. Probable amplification of nuclear mitochondrial copies affected roughly 9.5 kb, technical replicate counts agreed only 71 percent of the time and the retained approximately 6 kb represented about 39 percent of the mitogenome. Cross-sectional destructive samples were different animals, not longitudinal records. Do not use this source to claim a 13-month lifespan, label an individual old, infer age from appearance, sell an age test, establish line inheritance or diagnose oxidative damage.
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System observation or method study
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Gomez-Nieves and Gomez-Hernandez, 2020. Revista Investigacion Pecuaria 7(1): 19-23.
Source taxon as published: Laboratory cherry shrimp labelled Neocaridina heteropoda and Neocaridina sp.; identification method not reported
Study shape: Eighteen selected laboratory broodstock, 12 females and six males, were distributed two females to one male across six aquaria and observed for ten months. Length was sampled every 15 days and physicochemical parameters monthly. The paper reports reproductive and size observations but describes only a Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test.
Experimental unit: Aquarium for the six three-animal groups and individual for some length and reproduction observations; all aquaria received the same management, offspring allocation was not described and animal losses changed density among units
Environment: Six nominal 2-litre glass aquaria near windows at 22 C with Riccia fluitans, fish feed to satiation and a stated dissolved-oxygen target of 2 to 3 mg/L
Endpoints: female and male total length, reported age at sexual maturity, spawns per female, egg count, reported ontogenic duration, temperature and monthly water context.
What it can support: In this small laboratory series, selected adults reproduced at 22 C. The paper reports mean reproductive-phase lengths of 31.3 mm for females and 26.5 mm for males and 2.75 spawns per female during the ten-month observation.
What it cannot support: The source began with selected broodstock averaging 31 mm for females and 26 mm for males, so those animals cannot establish age at first maturity. The methods do not define an F1 starting denominator, hatch dates, offspring allocation or age-assignment procedure even though the abstract and conclusion report maturity in weeks. The abstract gives ranges of 12.1 to 14 weeks for males and 14.2 to 16.4 for females, while the conclusion gives single values of 12.1 and 14.2 weeks. Egg counts of 18 to 33 and ontogenic duration of 18 to 25 days appear in the abstracts but are not supported by a reported observation schedule, denominator or results table. The container description conflicts between 0.20 cubic metres, 0.20 square metres and 2000 mL. Species identification was not reported and a figure labels the animals only Neocaridina sp. Monthly water results were not published. A Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test does not by itself establish the between-unit differences shown, and the text conflicts between p less than 0.01 and a figure caption using p less than 0.05. Mortality changed density among units. The work cannot validate a maturity age, maturity-size threshold, incubation calendar, universal spawning rate, stocking ratio, 22 C optimum or dissolved-oxygen target.
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Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Li et al., 2020. Journal of Experimental Biology 223: jeb223529.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina heteropoda
Study shape: MicroRNA, PFK and related metabolism were manipulated with RNA interference, agomirs, antagomirs and hormone treatments.
Experimental unit: Treated animal or prepared biological sample, depending on endpoint
Environment: Laboratory molecular and physiological manipulation
Endpoints: PFK expression, ecdysis interval, body length, metabolites, protein-synthesis signalling.
What it can support: The tested miR-26 and PFK pathway manipulations changed molt interval and body-length outcomes.
What it cannot support: The invasive molecular treatments are not aquarium interventions and do not support a food, mineral or oxygen recipe.
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System observation or method study
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Mahmoud, Sastranegara and Kusmintarsih, 2020. Biodiversitas 21(6): 2396-2402.
Source taxon as published: Market-sourced animals labelled Neocaridina denticulata and Neocaridina palmata; identification method not reported
Study shape: Thirty market-sourced animals per labelled species, 15 male and 15 female, first shared one aquarium per species. Fifteen ovigerous females per species were later described as moving to individual aquaria for egg and hatch observations, after which healthy offspring were reared and measured through a reported maturity sequence. Only descriptive statistics were stated.
Experimental unit: One initial aquarium per labelled species, so species and tank were confounded; the number, size and independence of the later female and offspring aquaria were not reported, and individual offspring tracking was not described
Environment: One 30-litre aquarium per labelled species with powerhead filtration, aeration, white stone, Java moss, twice-daily 40 percent protein pellets, partial water renewal every three weeks and naturally varying 25 to 28 C water
Endpoints: adult and post-hatching total length, egg length and width, attached egg count per female, reported time to life-stage labels, temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, nitrate, ammonia.
What it can support: Under the reported culture history, the market-sourced groups produced attached eggs and direct-developing shrimp-like young. Fifteen females under each label supplied reported egg-count ranges of 21 to 60 for N. denticulata and 21 to 58 for N. palmata, and photographed post-hatching young measured about 3.3 mm at 24 hours.
What it cannot support: Species identity rested on market sourcing, colour and photographs without a diagnostic key or molecular confirmation. With one initial aquarium per label, species and tank were confounded, preventing an independent species comparison. Female isolation, offspring allocation, starting hatch denominators, survival, losses and repeated-animal tracking were not reported. The stated June 14 to August 10 breeding interval does not reconcile with 75-day and 80-day observations. Tables place ranges in columns labelled Means while also giving separate standard deviations, figures and axes are inconsistently numbered or labelled, and no inferential model is reported. Temperature and pH varied within the same systems rather than being assigned, so plots cannot establish 27 C as an optimum or any pH effect. The water methods, analyte bases and nitrogen interpretation are incomplete, and nitrite named in the abstract is not reported in the tables. Calling the direct-developing young larvae and describing a planktonic phase conflict with the better-resolved N. davidi developmental literature. The source cannot establish a universal 15-day incubation, 75-day maturity calendar, water-quality threshold, species difference or cultivation optimum.
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Field observation
Neocaridina identity evidence
Levitt-Barmats et al., 2019. Aquatic Invasions 14(4): 684-702.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina denticulata, with identity uncertainty discussed by the authors
Study shape: Field occurrence, morphology and mitochondrial markers were combined with an unreplicated laboratory lineage; 18 third-generation larvae were separated for individual molt and growth observations.
Experimental unit: Field specimen or sampling site for field endpoints; individual jar for 18 third-generation growth observations
Environment: Thirty Israeli field locations plus laboratory observation at 20 to 25 C across three generations
Endpoints: field occurrence, morphology, COI and 16S sequences, embryo count, age at first ovigerous stage, molt interval, growth.
What it can support: The study documents a wide field-occurrence range and follows known-hatch third-generation individuals for molt and growth observations over 49 weeks under one laboratory protocol.
What it cannot support: Taxonomic placement within the complex remained uncertain, field occurrence is not a water optimum, and losses plus an incomplete growth series do not provide a replicated hatch-to-death lifespan distribution.
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Field observation
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Mitsugi and Suzuki, 2018. Crustacean Research 47: 9-16.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: Monthly field samples were used for morphology, size-frequency cohorts and inferred life history.
Experimental unit: Monthly river sample
Environment: Tomoe River, eastern Japan, sampled monthly for one year
Endpoints: body and carapace length, sex characters, cohort structure, inferred lifespan.
What it can support: Defined measurement landmarks and field cohort estimates for the sampled population.
What it cannot support: Individuals were not marked from hatch to death, and the inferred lifespan is not an aquarium average or guarantee.
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Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Namaei Kohal et al., 2018. Journal of Applied Phycology 30: 431-443.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: Six formulated diets containing 0, 1, 3, 5, 8 or 10 percent Arthrospira meal were assigned to three aquaria each. Diets were approximately equal in protein and energy because Arthrospira replaced part of the fish meal; shrimp received 3 percent of wet biomass daily in three feedings and females were followed through eight spawning events.
Experimental unit: Aquarium, with three aquaria per diet; the independent incubation unit for detached eggs is not clearly described
Environment: Eighteen aerated aquaria at 26 to 28 C and pH 7.0 to 7.2 across an 11-month feeding trial, with complete water replacement every 10 days
Endpoints: weight and length growth, feed conversion ratio, survival, whole-body composition, time to maturity, inter-spawning interval, egg production, relative and actual fecundity, hatching percentage, hatchling length.
What it can support: Under this exact formulated-diet protocol, several growth, female-survival and reproductive measures were higher at 8 or 10 percent Arthrospira meal than in the control, while the reported relative-fecundity advantage declined after the sixth spawning.
What it cannot support: The percentages describe dry-diet formulation, not an aquarium dose or addition to a finished food. Arthrospira replaced fish meal, control female survival was only 25.7 percent after 11 months, eggs were detached and artificially incubated, and incubation replication is unclear. The study does not establish a universal 8 to 10 percent recipe or validate a current commercial product.
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Field observation
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Schoolmann and Arndt, 2018. Limnologica 71: 1-7.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: Repeated field sampling described population structure, reproduction and dispersal.
Experimental unit: Field samples from one invaded stream system
Environment: Thermally affected German stream followed for 27 months
Endpoints: size-frequency structure, ovigerous females, population persistence, dispersal.
What it can support: A reproducing feral population persisted and dispersed under the recorded field conditions.
What it cannot support: Field estimates do not establish aquarium lifespan, a species temperature optimum or a release-safe climate.
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Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Pantaleão et al., 2017. Aquaculture Research 48(2): 553-569.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: Animals were followed through twelve post-hatching stages with microscopy and defined carapace measurements.
Experimental unit: Individual developmental observations within one culture protocol
Environment: Laboratory aquarium culture at 25 C
Endpoints: appendage development, sex differentiation, carapace length, first attached eggs.
What it can support: Stage-specific external development, the method used to distinguish sex and first reproduction observed under the tested protocol.
What it cannot support: It does not promise that home shrimp can be sexed at a fixed age, reach a universal breeding size or carry eggs by a fixed day.
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Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Vazquez et al., 2017. Journal of Crustacean Biology 37(4): 367-373.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: Newly hatched shrimp were randomly assigned to 2.5, 5 or 10 animals/L for 90 days in 2 L vessels containing 5, 10 or 20 shrimp. The results table reports 8, 9 and 7 vessel replicates, respectively. A second experiment randomly assigned ten 30-day juveniles to each of five mixed-sex, five female-only and five male-only vessels at 5 animals/L.
Experimental unit: Two-litre vessel. Shrimp in each vessel were weighed together every 30 days in the density experiment, so the repeated response was vessel mean mass rather than an individually tracked trajectory. Whole-vessel biochemical homogenates were pooled across replicates when biomass was insufficient.
Environment: Two-litre culture vessels at 27 +/- 1 C with 0.7 g Java moss, continuous aeration and weekly complete water replacement
Endpoints: vessel mean wet mass through 90 days, model-estimated survival, phenotypic sex ratio, presence of ovigerous females, whole-vessel glycogen, lipid and protein concentration, mixed-sex versus monosex vessel mean mass and survival.
What it can support: Under the tested juvenile grow-out conditions, vessel mean mass diverged after day 30 and was lower at 10 animals/L than at 2.5 or 5 animals/L by days 60 and 90. Final females at 2.5 animals/L were 45 percent heavier than females at 10 animals/L, males at 2.5 animals/L were heavier than males at both higher densities, and model-estimated 90-day survival did not differ statistically among densities. Monosex versus mixed culture did not change mean mass or survival in the second experiment.
What it cannot support: This does not establish shrimp per gallon, a home-aquarium carrying capacity, a disease or welfare threshold, or a minimum starter group. The units were small juvenile grow-out vessels with daily food described as ad libitum and approximately 4 percent of vessel biomass, continuous aeration, weekly complete water replacement and removal of every new offspring. Individuals were not tracked, starting vessel counts were unequal across densities, brood and family contributions were not reported, food intake was not measured, and ovigerous presence was recorded without egg, hatch or recruitment outcomes. Survival percentages were model estimates rather than raw tank-wide guarantees. Biochemical samples sometimes pooled vessel replicates, weakening the original unit boundary. Ninety days does not represent a mixed-age, multigeneration colony or lifetime health.
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Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Bingol, Turkmen and Karadal, 2016. Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 33(3): 217-222.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina denticulata, identified by the paper as red cherry shrimp of Taiwan origin
Study shape: Four branded feeds were assigned to three aquaria each, with 30 shrimp per aquarium; shrimp were fed to satiation twice daily and measured every 15 days.
Experimental unit: The 50-litre aquarium, with three aquaria per feed
Environment: Twelve 50-litre aquaria at 26.5 C under a 14-hour light and 10-hour dark cycle for 16 weeks
Endpoints: survival, body weight, total length, carapace length.
What it can support: Final weight, total length and survival patterns differed among the four tested products under this protocol, with the Spirulina granule group highest and the pond-stick group lowest for those reported means.
What it cannot support: The products differed in physical form and formulation, feeding was to satiation and the statistical methods do not clearly state whether aquarium means were the analysis unit. The study does not isolate a Spirulina effect, establish a pellet count or compare current products.
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Morphology or taxonomy
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Sganga, Piana and López Greco, 2016. Zootaxa 4196(1): 120-128.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: Carapace shape was analysed in 92 animals and second abdominal pleura in 61 after sex assignment from pleopod morphology.
Experimental unit: Individual measured shrimp
Environment: Laboratory geometric morphometric study of cultured animals
Endpoints: carapace size and shape, rostrum shape, second pleuron dimensions, sex-associated overlap.
What it can support: Adult females were larger on average and differed in several shapes, while male carapace shape overlapped juvenile female shape.
What it cannot support: Average adult differences do not confirm the sex of every individual, especially a juvenile or an animal shown from one angle.
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Review or synthesis
Broader ornamental-shrimp review
Mykles and Hui, 2015. Integrative and Comparative Biology 55(5): 891-897.
Source taxon as published: Policy review comparing Neocaridina denticulata with the crayfish Procambarus clarkii and Cherax quadricarinatus, with additional inferences from other crustacean models
Study shape: The authors defined desired traits for a decapod model, compared three freshwater candidates, summarized selected Neocaridina life-history, culture, anatomy and genomic claims from earlier publications, recommended N. denticulata, and proposed obtaining a complete genome and developing tissue-specific gene-control and mutant-screening methods.
Experimental unit: Published source or narrative claim; the paper reported no new animals, aquaria, assigned treatments, measurements or statistical analysis and did not describe a systematic search, eligibility criteria or risk-of-bias assessment.
Environment: No new animal experiment or culture trial; narrative synthesis and recommendation arising from a 2015 comparative Pancrustacea symposium workshop
Endpoints: model-organism selection criteria, comparative recommendation, summary of cited life-history and culture claims, summary of draft-genome status, proposed functional-genomics next steps.
What it can support: The paper documents that two authors recommended N. denticulata as a decapod functional-genomics model in 2015 based on its small space requirement, commercial availability, transparent cuticle, cited life-history traits and then-available preliminary genome. It explicitly identified a complete genome and reliable gene-expression manipulation as future work.
What it cannot support: This policy review is not a new replication of any cited experiment and is not a systematic review. Its pH 6.5 to 8.0, temperature up to 30 C, preferred 22 to 25 C and pH 7.0 to 7.5, 15 to 16 day intermolt, 20 to 30 egg, approximately 30 day hatch and 4 to 6 month maturity statements combine older sources, populations and methods; they are not one standardized aquarium comparison or validated species-wide optimum. The broad statement that N. denticulata is resistant to bacterial infection does not establish general disease resistance, a pathogen-free line, treatment or immune supplement. The cited DPrP bacterial-challenge paper remains full-text-needed in this registry, and the companion crayfish-plague citation studied a related published species against one oomycete pathogen. The preliminary genome was explicitly incomplete, and proposed transgenesis, reporter expression, mutation screening and targeted gene control were future possibilities rather than demonstrated Neocaridina methods in this paper. The review does not validate a care range, breeding calendar, stocking rule, disease guarantee, commercial-line assay or consumer genetic intervention.
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Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Tropea and López Greco, 2015. The Biological Bulletin 229(3): 243-254.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: Female condition, eggs and offspring were measured across five or six consecutive spawns and compared with non-reproducing females where relevant.
Experimental unit: Individual female or spawn, with offspring followed under the study protocol
Environment: Laboratory culture following females, eggs and offspring across repeated spawnings
Endpoints: eggs per spawn, egg biochemical composition, hatchlings, hatchling size, juvenile growth, female energy and mass.
What it can support: Later spawns had lower egg lipid and energy measures, and reproduction was associated with lower female energy and body mass under the protocol.
What it cannot support: It does not show that every later brood is inferior, diagnose poor care from female size or create a universal brood limit.
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Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Tropea, Stumpf and López Greco, 2015. PLOS ONE 10(3): e0119468.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina heteropoda heteropoda
Study shape: Egg incubation and 90-day juvenile culture were compared across three assigned temperatures.
Experimental unit: Brood or aquarium treatment unit, depending on endpoint
Environment: Laboratory aquaria at 24, 28 and 32 C
Endpoints: incubation duration, hatchlings per female, growth, survival, ovigerous females.
What it can support: Temperature changed incubation time and the shape of early growth and reproduction under the tested conditions.
What it cannot support: It did not establish a universal ideal temperature, a lifetime effect, a lethal limit or a rule that warmer always means better growth.
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System observation or method study
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Nur and Christianus, 2013. Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 8(1): 108-115.
Source taxon as published: Aquarium-shop animals labelled Neocaridina denticulata sinensis; identification method not reported
Study shape: About 30 females and 30 males were conditioned separately for one month. Ten selected male-female pairs then shared one breeding aquarium. Ovigerous females were moved to individual 7 by 7 by 10 cm containers for hatch observations. Thirty healthy one-week-old offspring were selected into one shared aquarium and observed through a reported life-cycle sequence.
Experimental unit: One shared breeding aquarium for the ten pairs and one shared aquarium for the 30-offspring life-cycle cohort; individual ovigerous-female containers supplied brood observations, but the methods do not explain the greater number of points visible in the brood-mass graph or whether females contributed repeated broods
Environment: Dechlorinated aerated tap water at 27 to 28 C, pH 6.5 to 7.5, dissolved oxygen above 4 mg/L, reported ammonia and nitrite below 0.1 mg/L, commercial 40 percent protein feed offered ad libitum twice daily and about 50 percent weekly water renewal
Endpoints: mating and attached-egg timing, egg length, incubation time, hatchling total length, brood count, reported juvenile and first-maturity time, female mass and brood-count relationship, water context, observed Holtodrilus occurrence.
What it can support: Under the reported culture history, selected adults mated and carried eggs, incubation was reported as 15 days at 27 C, hatchlings had a shrimp-like form and measured about 2.3 mm total length, observed broods ranged from 21 to 51, and the selected shared offspring cohort was reported to reach first maturity near 75 days and 2.3 cm total length.
What it cannot support: Species identity rested on an aquarium-shop label without a reported diagnostic method. There was one breeding tank and one 30-offspring life-cycle tank, with no independent tank replication. Only healthy one-week-old offspring were selected, and survival, losses, family contributions, observation intervals, individual tracking and the denominator reaching maturity were not reported. The brood-mass figure shows more observations than the ten-pair method explains and labels R squared as 0.3589, while the text reports 0.9587 and 0.959. Water conditions and the 40 percent protein feed were not assigned comparisons, so they are context rather than optima. High mortality during Holtodrilus occurrence lacks a denominator and causal control. The claimed 5 to 10 ppt salinity response had no assigned treatment, untreated control, dose-duration, host-safety endpoint or recurrence follow-up and cannot support a salt treatment. Study duration and season coverage were not reported, so year-round reproduction was not established. The work cannot validate a universal 15-day incubation, 75-day maturity calendar, body-size threshold, feeding recipe, water-quality target or parasite treatment.
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Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Wang et al., 2010. Israeli Journal of Aquaculture - Bamidgeh 62(2): 78-84.
Source taxon as published: Wild-collected Neocaridina heteropoda from Baiyangdian Lake; no diagnostic identification method reported
Study shape: Nine hundred shrimp were assigned at 50 per tank to six manganese-sulfate supplementation levels, with three tanks per diet. The measured complete-diet manganese concentrations were 2.79, 22.57, 42.55, 62.69, 82.59 and 102.45 micrograms per gram. Shrimp received feed at a stated daily rate of 5 percent body weight for 30 days.
Experimental unit: Tank for the six assigned diets, with three tanks per diet in one shared-water recirculating system. Figure 1 reports n = 6 for biochemical assays, but the paper does not map those samples or pooled hemolymph back to individual shrimp and tank replicates or state whether tank entered the analysis.
Environment: Thirty-day freshwater recirculating-system feeding experiment at 25 +/- 1 C and pH 8.0, with all tanks connected to one reservoir and reported water manganese of 1.00 +/- 0.02 micrograms per litre in the abstract but micrograms per gram in the methods
Endpoints: percentage length gain, percentage weight gain, hemolymph superoxide-anion assay, muscle SOD activity, muscle GPX activity, muscle CAT activity.
What it can support: Under this complete-feed formulation and 30-day system, every manganese-supplemented group had higher reported length and weight gain than the 2.79-microgram-per-gram control diet. The 62.69-microgram-per-gram measured diet had the highest reported growth percentages and antioxidant-enzyme activities and the lowest reported superoxide-anion assay value.
What it cannot support: The experiment does not establish a universal dietary requirement or deficiency threshold. The control was not manganese-free, the basal mineral premix already listed manganese sulfate, and the diets differed only within one formulation and short culture history. The paper reports neither starting-to-ending size values nor a growth formula, feed intake, feed conversion, survival, tissue manganese, deficiency signs, molting, reproduction or long-term safety. Wild-source identity, sex and life stage were not resolved. Sample-to-tank mapping for the n = 6 biochemical results and pooled hemolymph is unclear, and the water manganese unit conflicts between abstract and methods. A peak response at one tested concentration without dose-response modeling does not validate adding manganese to aquarium water, mixing a supplement into finished food or using antioxidant-enzyme activity as proof of better health.
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Field observation
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Oh et al., 2003. Crustaceana 76(8): 993-1015.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina denticulata denticulata from the Young-am stream in Korea
Study shape: Five replicate 0.4-square-metre littoral vegetation samples were collected monthly with a 0.5 mm scoop net; size frequencies, gonads, broods and eggs were used for seasonal population and reproductive estimates.
Experimental unit: The 0.4-square-metre box sample, with five scheduled samples per month
Environment: A permanent temperate stream sampled monthly from July 1999 through June 2001
Endpoints: field density, carapace length frequency, sex ratio, ovigerous season, brood count, egg volume and mass, ovarian stage, modeled growth and maturity.
What it can support: This population showed seasonal reproduction from May through September, measured broods of 53 to 146 eggs and different maturity estimates when mature ovaries and ovigerous status were used as endpoints.
What it cannot support: This is a field population of the published N. denticulata subspecies, not an N. davidi aquarium trial. Growth and cohort parameters were modeled from monthly length frequencies, animals were not tracked individually and field density is not aquarium capacity.
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Morphology or taxonomy
Adjacent biological evidence
Cai and Ng, 1999. Journal of Natural History 33(11): 1603-1638.
Source taxon as published: Caridina serrata species group, including Lam Tsuen material previously reported as Neocaridina serrata
Study shape: Published descriptions, neotypes and re-examined material were compared using rostral formula, stylocerite, pereiopod, pleopod and other morphological characters across the Caridina serrata group.
Experimental unit: Examined specimen and collection lot; the Lam Tsuen conclusion used later material from the same river population, including Dudgeon-collected lots, rather than a reported re-examination of every animal sampled for the 1985 population study
Environment: Museum and field-collected freshwater shrimp material from southern China, including Lam Tsuen River and other Hong Kong localities
Endpoints: taxonomic diagnosis, genus placement, species reassignment, morphological distinction, locality record.
What it can support: The Lam Tsuen population published by Dudgeon in 1985 and 1987 as Neocaridina serrata was reassigned to Caridina cantonensis. The revision also concluded that neither C. cantonensis nor C. serrata belongs in Neocaridina because the distal half of the male first pleopod lacks the Neocaridina condition.
What it cannot support: The revision does not make every aquarium animal sold as C. cantonensis taxonomically verified, resolve all later Caridina species-group relationships or convert Dudgeon field results into captive care guidance. It did not re-run the 1985 population study, and its reassignment does not establish temperature, lifespan, maturity, clutch or abundance rules for N. davidi.
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Field observation
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Niwa and Hamano, 1990. Researches on Crustacea 19: 43-54.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina denticulata from the Sugow River in Japan
Study shape: Daytime sweep-net collections lasting two to three hours were measured to 0.1 mm body length and grouped into inferred seasonal cohorts; a later three-mesh comparison examined size selectivity.
Experimental unit: Collection date and sampled river reach, with individual measurements nested within each collection
Environment: An approximately 50-square-metre vegetated river reach sampled 26 times from May 1985 through May 1986
Endpoints: body-length frequency, sex ratio, ovigerous season, smallest ovigerous length, inferred cohort timing and growth.
What it can support: Across 19,084 collected shrimp, newly hatched animals appeared in samples from June through August and length-frequency analysis supported three seasonal cohort types in this river population.
What it cannot support: Cohorts were inferred rather than composed of marked animals, daytime effort was time based, net selectivity affected small animals and sex below 8 mm was allocated using an estimated ratio. The results do not establish N. davidi aquarium age, maturity or lifespan.
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