Controlled experiment
Neocaridina identity evidence
Feng et al., 2026. PLOS ONE 21(2): e0342746.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina denticulata sinensis
Study shape: The NdTryp gene was cloned, expression was profiled across tissues and nine embryonic stages, in situ hybridization localized transcripts, RNA interference was followed by injected Vibrio parahaemolyticus challenge, and recombinant protein activity was tested in vitro.
Experimental unit: Individual shrimp for animal endpoints, usually three animals per group or time point; the wording for pooled embryonic samples does not clearly separate the three individuals from the stated three biological replicates, and recombinant-enzyme measurements used technical triplicates
Environment: Market-sourced shrimp acclimated for seven days in recirculating laboratory aquaria at 25 C, followed by molecular assays, injected bacterial challenge and isolated recombinant-protein tests
Endpoints: tissue and developmental expression, hepatopancreatic localization, RNA interference knockdown, histopathology after bacterial injection, recombinant enzyme activity.
What it can support: NdTryp expression was highest in the hepatopancreas and localized mainly to R cells and epithelial cells lining its tubules. Expression appeared late in embryonic development, rose after the tested bacterial injection, and knockdown before challenge was associated with more severe hepatopancreatic damage than the dsEGFP challenged control.
What it cannot support: The injected laboratory challenge, small animal groups and ambiguous embryonic pooling do not establish natural infection, diagnosis, treatment, survival or pathogen clearance. The recombinant enzyme optima and 20 mM ion assays are not aquarium pH, temperature, mineral, copper or cadmium targets. No feeding trial tested trypsin as an additive, digestibility aid or growth treatment, and no explicitly described uninfected RNA interference histology control isolates knockdown injury from infection interaction.
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Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Azhar et al., 2025. Planetary Sustainability 3(2): 56-76.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi, red cherry adults
Study shape: Five approximately 42 percent protein formulas replaced 0, 25, 50, 75 or 100 percent of fish meal with black soldier fly larvae meal. The actual meal contents were 0, 10.8, 21.68, 32.62 and 43.64 percent of the complete dry formulas. Each diet was assigned to five aquaria containing one male and one female, fed to satiation twice daily.
Experimental unit: The 3-litre aquarium, with five aquaria per diet; treatment was assigned by aquarium, but the one-way ANOVA description does not state whether aquarium or animal observations entered each endpoint analysis
Environment: Twenty-five 3-litre aquaria with Java moss during a 60-day feeding trial, with daily water checks, 20 percent water exchange every three days and 50 percent weekly exchange
Endpoints: feed intake, survival, length gain, weight gain, specific growth rate, shed-molt count, ovary measurement, reported offspring count, colour coordinates.
What it can support: The 50 percent fish-meal-replacement formula, which contained 21.68 percent black soldier fly meal, had higher reported length gain, weight gain and specific growth rate than the 75 and 100 percent replacement formulas. The table letters did not distinguish it from the control or 25 percent replacement groups. Survival, ovary measurement, reported offspring count and colour intensity did not differ statistically among diets.
What it cannot support: This was a complete-formula comparison, not a test of adding 50 percent insect meal to finished food. Fish meal, black soldier fly meal, fish oil, corn meal and cellulose changed together, while measured lipid and ash also varied; amino acids, fatty acids and energy were not reported. Every diet contained the same Spirulina and astaxanthin. Feeding was described as both to satiation and predetermined, without an exact ration, uneaten-feed recovery method or leaching correction, and measured water values were not reported. The analysis unit was not explicit. The published molting equation multiplies molts per starting shrimp by 100, while the table reports 4.8 to 7.6 percent without reconciling the scale. Ovary size was calculated as length times width but reported in cm, one figure caption refers to male ovary development, and post-mortality brood denominators are unclear. The study does not establish a universal 50 percent recipe, a whole-insect feeding method, reproductive safety, a colour benefit or a home molting rate.
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Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Chen et al., 2025. Antioxidants 14(6): 635.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina denticulata
Study shape: One hundred twenty juveniles were assigned to a basal diet or feed containing 0.4, 4 or 40 micrograms methyl farnesoate per kilogram, with repeated length measurements and end-point biochemical and transcriptomic assays.
Experimental unit: Not recoverable as an independent tank unit: the paper describes four diet groups but does not report replicate tanks; RNA sequencing used three individual shrimp per group
Environment: Forty-day laboratory feeding study at 26 C with a 14-hour light and 10-hour dark cycle and recirculating filtration
Endpoints: body length growth rate, digestive enzyme activity, oxidative-stress assays, whole-animal gene expression.
What it can support: The reported length, enzyme, oxidative-stress and gene-expression outcomes varied with dietary methyl farnesoate concentration and time in the study population.
What it cannot support: The paper does not describe replicated tanks, so diet may be confounded with one group or culture system and individual shrimp do not repair that treatment-level replication problem. The control feed is not explicitly described as ethanol-vehicle matched, and prepared-feed hormone concentration, stability, leaching, intake and internal dose were not verified. Survival, reproduction, long-term safety and withdrawal were not established. This study cannot support a home additive, water dose, growth product or breeding treatment.
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Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Kusuma et al., 2025. Juvenil 6(3): 290-300.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina sp., laboratory reproduction-stock animals without species, line or identification method reported
Study shape: Tubifex sp., Chironomus larvae, Daphnia sp. or an unidentified Spirulina pellet control were assigned to three aquaria each. The paper states one shrimp per litre, one week of acclimation and ad-libitum availability checked twice daily, with old food replaced when present.
Experimental unit: Aquarium assigned to feed, with three aquaria per treatment; the exact integer starting count is not stated, because the reported 21.6-litre volume and one-animal-per-litre density do not resolve it, and endpoint animal or aquarium denominators are not supplied
Environment: Twelve nominal 21.6-litre aquaria at approximately 25.49 to 26.86 C, pH 6.34 to 7.57 and dissolved oxygen 5.125 to 5.205 mg/L during a 40-day feeding comparison with weekly siphoning
Endpoints: survival, absolute length gain, absolute weight gain, ordinal visible-red colour score, feed proximate composition, temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen.
What it can support: Across the reported 40-day treatment means, Tubifex aquaria had the highest survival mean at 85.00 percent and highest colour-score mean at 3.50. Reported length and weight gains were not statistically distinguished among feeds. The comparison supports only that these four complete feed treatments produced different reported survival and visible-colour patterns under this protocol.
What it cannot support: The animals were identified only to genus, and source line, sex, age, life stage, starting size, starting colour balance and randomization method were not reported. Feed amounts and actual intake were not measured, the live foods and pellet differed in physical form and proximate composition, the Spirulina pellet was not identified, and proximate values lack replicate error and a stated wet- or dry-matter basis. Aquarium is the assigned unit, but the analysis does not state whether aquarium means were modeled, how many animals entered each endpoint or whether colour scoring was blinded under standardized lighting and background. The written method describes four colour scores while Figure 1 shows five with conflicting descriptions. The table note says different letters indicate a difference at P greater than 0.05 while the text says P less than 0.05. The discussion substitutes Hermetia illucens for Daphnia in one passage and later says Chironomus and Daphnia produced more intense colour than Tubifex, contradicting the table. Water ranges are pooled rather than treatment-specific, and nitrogen, mortality timing, feed-borne organisms, disease, reproduction, composition and long-term safety were not measured. This does not establish Tubifex as a complete or safest food, a live-feed dose, a colour-grade method or a recommendation to introduce wild or cultured worms into a home aquarium.
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Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Luan et al., 2025. Biomolecules 15(6): 815.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: Hepatopancreases from mature red females were pooled in threes, exposed outside the animal to farnesoic acid or methyl farnesoate and compared by RNA sequencing, pathway analysis and qPCR.
Experimental unit: Pooled hepatopancreas sample from three females, with three pooled samples per condition for the 3-hour RNA sequencing comparison
Environment: Excised hepatopancreas tissue cultured at 25 C in Schneider's Drosophila medium with 1 ppm farnesoic acid or methyl farnesoate
Endpoints: differential gene expression, pathway enrichment, qPCR agreement.
What it can support: Excised female hepatopancreas tissue showed different short-term gene-expression responses to the two tested sesquiterpenoid hormones, including digestive-enzyme-associated transcripts after farnesoic acid exposure.
What it cannot support: This was an excised-organ experiment, not a whole-animal feeding, water, growth, molt, reproduction or safety trial. The paper does not document a hormone stock solvent or a matched vehicle control, and its sequencing wording does not make the timing of the control collection fully clear. Pathway labels and gene expression do not establish improved digestion, immunity, growth or vitellogenesis.
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System observation or method study
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Pierre, Kotani and Irabor, 2025. Crustacean Research 54: 19-33.
Source taxon as published: Cultured Neocaridina denticulata from Kagoshima University; identification method not reported
Study shape: Offspring from 25 similarly staged ovigerous females were pooled in one tank after the females were removed. Cross-sectional samples were measured at four known-age checkpoints; whole animals were homogenized in ten-animal pools for amylase, lipase and protease assays, and three 60-day juveniles plus three animals described as adults were sectioned for histology.
Experimental unit: Individual for destructive cross-sectional length and wet mass; ten-animal whole-body pool with three pools per enzyme checkpoint; individual section for three juvenile and three adult histology samples; every juvenile sample shared one rearing tank
Environment: One pooled juvenile rearing tank with hornwort, filtration, aeration, twice-daily 51 percent crude-protein feed and weekly 30 percent water replacement; recorded temperature 16.9 to 19.1 C
Endpoints: total body length, wet mass, daily temperature, pH, ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and dissolved oxygen, whole-body amylase, lipase and protease specific activity, general histological structure and organ dimensions.
What it can support: In the one pooled cohort, reported mean total length rose from 2.85 mm at day 15 to 4.67, 7.84 and 12.58 mm at days 30, 45 and 60, while mean wet mass rose from 1 to 8, 17 and 39 mg. The whole-body pools detected amylase, lipase and protease activity, with reported protease activity increasing across the four juvenile checkpoints.
What it cannot support: Age, sampling date and changing culture history were confounded, with no parallel age-matched control or replicate rearing tank. The destructive cross-sectional samples did not follow the same individuals, family contributions and starting denominator were unknown, survival was not reported and feed amount or intake was not measured. Temperature was observed rather than assigned, so normal-looking growth cannot establish cold tolerance, an optimum or absence of adverse effects. The pH and nitrogen values varied and their exact analytical reporting bases were incomplete. Whole-body homogenates do not isolate digestive tissue, and three pools from one tank do not independently replicate an age effect. The Brunner-Munzel comparison plan, exact p-values, multiplicity handling and figure error bars were not fully reported. The three-per-stage histology comparison cannot establish isometric growth. Animals described as adults were also said to come from the breeding tank, so age and cohort identity are unclear; a 75-day label does not establish reproductive maturity. The study tested no diet, protein level, feeding frequency, digestibility, long-term health or lifespan outcome and cannot prescribe stage-specific food.
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Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Hou et al., 2024. PLOS ONE 19(12): e0315585.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi var. red
Study shape: Five diets differing in astaxanthin and Bidens pilosa were compared with repeated colour measurements, gene expression and a later sealed-bottle challenge.
Experimental unit: Independently filtered jar for the diet treatment and dissolved-oxygen bottle for the later challenge
Environment: Independently filtered six-litre jars at 24 C for 56 days followed by a nine-hour sealed-bottle challenge
Endpoints: CIELAB colour, colour-related gene expression, stress-related gene expression, nine-hour colour stability.
What it can support: The tested additives changed measured colour values and selected gene-expression outcomes under the reported diet and challenge conditions.
What it cannot support: It does not establish genetic colour improvement, permanent grade, general health benefit, transport success or a safe dissolved-oxygen threshold.
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Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Luna-Vivaldo et al., 2024. Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research 52(2): 298-306.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: Each phenotype received alginate spheres containing live Haematococcus pluvialis, live Spirulina platensis or no microalgae, while all groups also received the same commercial food. The article reports 11 juveniles per basket and four basket replicates, then measured uropod optical density, chromatophore number and chromatosome area at the end of 31 days.
Experimental unit: Supplement-treatment basket containing 11 juveniles, with four basket replicates reported; baskets received shared recirculating culture water, and the one-way ANOVA description does not state that basket or water system was modeled as the independent unit
Environment: Three-day-old juveniles from pet-trade-derived wild, Fire Red and Diamond Blue stocks held for 31 days in maternity baskets within recirculating culture water at 28 C
Endpoints: uropod optical density, chromatophore number, chromatosome area, 31-day survival.
What it can support: The two live-microalgae sphere treatments changed selected uropod colour measures relative to the no-microalgae sphere control, with different patterns in wild, Fire Red and Diamond Blue juveniles. All groups had 100 percent survival during the 31-day test.
What it cannot support: Shared recirculating water limits independent system replication, and the allocation and analysis descriptions do not clearly preserve basket-level independence. Imaging occurred only at the endpoint after one minute in ice water, with no blinded scoring or repeated individual baseline stated. Internally inconsistent significance wording for chromatosome area and missing raw data limit reconstruction. Equal survival across every group does not demonstrate a survival benefit. The study did not measure growth, health, reproduction, permanence after withdrawal or genetic change, and it does not validate a commercial powder, spoon dose, home algae culture method, grade guarantee or ice-water handling protocol.
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System observation or method study
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Zhang et al., 2024. ScienceAsia 50(2): 2024043.
Source taxon as published: Aquarium-market animals printed as Neocaridina denticulata in the title and methods and as Neocaridina denticulata sinensis in parts of the results and discussion; no host diagnostic method or voucher was reported
Study shape: The authors reported 3,000 acclimated animals and destructive sampling of 150 shrimp every six hours. Sixty hepatopancreases per time were intended for three separate tubes of 20, but the sequence tables and heatmap contain only ten RNA-seq libraries distributed 2, 3, 3 and 2 across 06:00, 12:00, 18:00 and 24:00. De novo transcript assembly, pairwise differential-expression screening, annotation enrichment and qRT-PCR for Clk, Cry, Per and Tim were performed.
Experimental unit: The pooled RNA-seq library for transcript comparisons, with unequal 2, 3, 3 and 2 libraries across the four times and no explanation for the two missing intended libraries. The qRT-PCR unit is unresolved because the methods report three groups per time and five biological replicates per group while the figure displays three points per time.
Environment: Market-sourced shrimp acclimated for two weeks in recirculating tap water under a reported 12-hour light and 12-hour dark cycle at a natural daily temperature range of approximately 10 to 18 C, then sampled at 06:00, 12:00, 18:00 and 24:00 after feed had been withheld for at least 48 hours
Endpoints: de novo transcriptome assembly and database annotation, pairwise differential-expression counts, GO and KEGG enrichment labels, putative clock-related transcript annotation, qRT-PCR expression of Clk, Cry, Per and Tim.
What it can support: The study detected hepatopancreas transcripts annotated as Per, Tim, Clk, Cyc, Cry and 5-HT-related sequences and reported time-associated RNA profiles under its combined light, temperature and fasting history. The smallest reported pairwise contrast was 282 differentially expressed unigenes between 06:00 and 24:00. Among the four qRT-PCR targets, only Clk was reported as significantly different across sampling times.
What it cannot support: Sampling time changed together with light state, natural temperature and elapsed fasting history. There was no constant-temperature group, shifted photoperiod, constant-darkness condition, feeding-time treatment, repeated 24-hour cycle or time-randomized cohort, so the design cannot isolate an endogenous circadian rhythm, light effect, temperature effect or feeding-time effect. Tank number, volume, density, allocation, water chemistry, food formula and exact last-feeding time were omitted. The written tissue-pooling method is internally unclear, two of twelve intended sequencing libraries are unexplained and the qRT-PCR denominator conflicts with its figure. Differential-expression screening used raw p less than 0.05 and an absolute log2 fold-change threshold above 1 without a stated false-discovery correction; enrichment methods and cutoffs were incompletely reported. The 12:00 versus 18:00 total is printed as 983, while its 588-up and 350-down components total 938. Putative clock transcripts were assigned by sequence similarity without targeted sequence validation or a functional assay. qRT-PCR reused the transcriptomic sample set, reported one reference gene without efficiency or stability validation and does not provide independent replication. Pathway labels are not measured food intake, digestion, glucose, chitin turnover, molting, immunity, growth or health. The work does not establish a best feeding hour, night-feeding rule, light schedule, fasting schedule, temperature cause or home-care intervention.
Related source material: Official open article and supplement PDF, NCBI BioProject PRJNA832034
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Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Lima, 2023. UNESP undergraduate thesis, 22 pages.
Source taxon as published: Aquarium-shop Neocaridina davidi stock and aquarium-shop Biomphalaria glabrata; diagnostic methods and snail infection status were not reported
Study shape: Forty-two one-week-old shrimp were randomly selected and individually assigned as 14 animals per treatment to excess daily Sano S-PAK pellets, excised B. glabrata mantle, or an equal pellet-and-mantle offering. Animals were weighed every 14 days and sexed after 56 days.
Experimental unit: Individual 600 mL beaker containing one shrimp. The final analysis and figure contain 14 pellet, 13 snail-only and 13 mixed animals, but the loss of two of the 42 starters is not reconciled with the reported 100 percent survival.
Environment: Fifty-six-day laboratory feeding experiment at 25 C in individual 600 mL beakers with 1.6 g wet Java moss, daily partial water replacement and biofilm removal every 14 days
Endpoints: initial and final wet mass, mass gain, daily mass gain, specific growth rate, day-56 phenotypic sex, reported survival.
What it can support: Under this short individual-beaker protocol, the reported two-factor ANOVA detected no feeding-treatment main effect on mass gain and detected a sex main effect, with females gaining more mass than males.
What it cannot support: Failure to detect a treatment difference is not an equivalence or noninferiority test, and the small post-hoc sex groups were highly imbalanced. Food was offered in excess, but portion, consumed mass, leftovers, leaching and feed conversion were not measured. Snail mantle composition, pathogen screening, storage and water effects were not tested, and the snails had been raised on the same pellet used as the comparator. The abstract swaps the snail-only and mixed sex counts relative to the results, the stated 100 percent survival conflicts with 42 starters and 40 analyzed animals, and the mixed-female table mean of 0.335 g is impossible relative to the treatment final mass and plotted values. The paper reports no diet-by-sex interaction, exact treatment contrasts, power or raw data. It cannot establish that snail tissue is nutritionally complete, equivalent to formulated feed, pathogen-safe, humane to prepare, suitable as an infestation-control method or appropriate for routine home feeding.
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Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Wijaya et al., 2023. Barakuda 45 5(1): 102-113.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi, red cherry study stock
Study shape: A Spirulina-tablet control and four market-vegetable treatments made from mustard greens, carrot, bean sprouts or cabbage were assigned to three aquarium compartments each. Vegetables were washed, boiled for about one minute at 72 C, fermented for five days in 600 mL water with 10 mL EM4 product and 20 mL molasses, then kept available ad libitum with twice-daily checks and replacement. Shrimp were stocked at a stated density of one per litre and 12 animals per aquarium were sampled every ten days.
Experimental unit: Aquarium compartment, with three compartments per feed; the exact integer starting count, hydraulic isolation of compartments and whether aquarium or sampled-animal values entered the ANOVA were not reported clearly
Environment: Fifteen nominal 30 by 30 by 30 cm aquarium compartments filled with 21.6 litres of water, aerated and supplied with two pots of hornwort for 40 days; reported water temperature was 26.3 to 26.8 C and pH was 7.32 to 7.83
Endpoints: absolute length gain, absolute weight gain, specific growth rate, survival, feed proximate composition, temperature, pH.
What it can support: Under this exact 40-day preparation and feeding protocol, the mustard-green, bean-sprout and cabbage groups were not statistically distinguished from the Spirulina-tablet control for the reported length gain, weight gain or specific growth rate, while the carrot group was lower. Reported survival did not differ statistically among treatments.
What it cannot support: Only three aquarium units represented each feed, the analysis unit was not explicit, and food was kept available ad libitum without an exact ration, measured intake, uneaten-feed recovery or leaching correction. Wet products differed substantially in moisture and proximate composition and were not balanced for dry matter, protein or energy. There was no unfermented-vegetable, EM4-only or molasses-only group, so the study cannot isolate fermentation, a vegetable ingredient or either additive. Survival means were only 63.33 to 71.66 percent, and the authors attributed many deaths to repeated measurement outside water. Only temperature and pH were reported. The result does not validate fresh or blanched grocery vegetables, market scraps, home fermentation, a complete vegetable diet, a food-safety procedure, a removal interval or replacement of a formulated food.
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Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Kaya et al., 2022. Marine and Life Sciences 4(2): 146-151.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi, red cherry study stock
Study shape: A basal commercial feed, four feeds containing 1 to 4 g galacto-oligosaccharide per kg and four corresponding feeds also containing 1 mL Enterogermina per kg were assigned to three tanks each, with ten shrimp per tank for 30 days.
Experimental unit: Tank was the assigned treatment unit, with three tanks per diet and ten shrimp per tank; the published analysis did not state whether tank was modeled as the unit, and sex-specific groups were formed only after endpoint sexing
Environment: Twenty-seven 10-litre plastic tanks at 26 C with shelter, algae, twice-daily feeding to satiation and daily water measurements for 30 days
Endpoints: final body weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, survival.
What it can support: Under this 30-day protocol, some galacto-oligosaccharide diets with or without the Bacillus clausii product had higher reported mass and growth metrics than the basal-feed control. The 2 g galacto-oligosaccharide plus 1 mL product per kg group had the highest table values for several sex-specific growth and feed-conversion outcomes.
What it cannot support: There was no probiotic-only group, so the design cannot isolate a Bacillus clausii main effect or demonstrate synergy. Finished-feed bacterial viability, additive retention, galacto-oligosaccharide composition and actual consumed ration were not verified; feeding was to satiation and no consumption correction was described. The statistical unit and endpoint sex grouping are unclear, initial sex-specific weights were repeated even though sex was not detectable at allocation, and there were only three tanks per diet for 30 days. Survival language is internally inconsistent. No microbiome, colonization, immune, disease-challenge, pathogen, reproduction, colour, body-composition, histology or long-term endpoint was measured. A human probiotic product in experimental feed is not an aquarium-water dose, bacterial starter, medicine or universal food recipe.
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Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Sganga and López Greco, 2020. Aquaculture Research 51: 5029-5039.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: Commercial diets were compared across female reproduction and offspring endpoints.
Experimental unit: Diet treatment group or female, depending on endpoint
Environment: Laboratory commercial-diet comparison
Endpoints: female reproduction, egg outcomes, offspring quality.
What it can support: Diet treatment can change selected reproductive and offspring measures.
What it cannot support: It does not validate every product, a universal ingredient list or a single feeding schedule.
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Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Tomas et al., 2020. Aquaculture Nutrition 26: 1198-1210.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: Defined diets were compared for biochemical, pigmentation and male reproductive outcomes.
Experimental unit: Diet treatment culture unit
Environment: Laboratory diet comparison
Endpoints: carotenoids, visible colour, biochemical composition, spermatophore quality.
What it can support: Diet can change measured phenotype and biochemical outcomes under a defined protocol.
What it cannot support: Visible colour change is not inherited grade, genetic purity or proof that one diet is complete for every life stage.
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Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Viau et al., 2020. Aquaculture Research 51: 3847-3864.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: The full life cycle and juvenile outcomes were followed while comparing conditioned artificial substrates.
Experimental unit: Substrate treatment culture unit
Environment: Designed laboratory biofilm culture across substrate treatments
Endpoints: juvenile survival, growth, biomass, biochemical reserves, reproduction.
What it can support: The tested biofilm community supported the life cycle and substrate treatment changed juvenile outcomes.
What it cannot support: It does not establish that any home-aquarium film is complete food or that tank age measures grazing value.
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Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Elmas, 2019. Izmir Katip Celebi University MSc thesis.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: Two commercial grow-out feeds and feeding once or three times daily formed a two-by-two design with three aquaria per treatment, ten shrimp per aquarium and a starting sex ratio of six females to four males.
Experimental unit: The 40-litre aquarium, with three aquaria per feed and frequency combination
Environment: Twelve 40-litre laboratory aquaria at about 26 C across a 12-week feeding trial with twice-weekly 25 percent water changes
Endpoints: feed consumption, weight, total length, carapace length, survival, shed exoskeleton count, egg and hatch measures, carapace lightness and colour coordinates.
What it can support: Under this exact protocol, feeding frequency changed several growth, survival, shed-exoskeleton and reproductive outcomes, while the two tested products also differed for selected reproductive and colour measures.
What it cannot support: The daily ration was not reported, feed consumption differed among groups and the products differed in more than their intended species. Shed exoskeletons were counted by aquarium rather than linked to identified individuals. The thesis does not establish three daily meals for a home colony, isolate an ingredient effect or provide a pellet amount.
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Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Kong et al., 2019. Hydrobiologia 827: 75-87.
Source taxon as published: River-collected Neocaridina denticulata, retained as published
Study shape: Four treatments separated litter alone, direct shrimp contact with feces falling away, feces contact without direct shrimp contact, and shrimp plus litter plus feces together. Each shrimp unit held eight animals and 3 g of air-dried cattail litter. Four independently prepared buckets represented each treatment at each 35-day destructive harvest, for 64 buckets total. Filtered river water was replaced weekly.
Experimental unit: Four-litre bucket, with four independent buckets per treatment and harvest time; the paper describes destructive treatment-by-time units but reports date as a repeated factor without explaining how repeated units were linked
Environment: Sixty-four aerated four-litre river-water microcosms in an environmental chamber set to 20 C, with measured water varying from 20 to 25 C during 140 days
Endpoints: cumulative litter dry-mass loss, decomposition coefficient, interval mass loss, leaf-associated extracellular enzyme activities, pH, chemical oxygen demand, ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, total nitrogen, total phosphorus.
What it can support: After 140 days, cumulative litter mass loss was 51.7 percent in litter-only controls, 83.4 percent where shrimp contacted litter but feces fell away, 57.8 percent where feces contacted litter without shrimp contact, and 84.5 percent where shrimp, litter and feces remained together. The treatment contrasts support faster breakdown when shrimp had direct access under this microcosm protocol; water chemistry and enzyme responses also differed among treatments.
What it cannot support: Litter mass loss is not measured ingestion. Direct shrimp access combines grazing on leaf tissue or associated microbes, fragmentation and physical disturbance, while the reported grazing and feces shares were derived from treatment contrasts rather than measured intake. The experiment used one river population, one cattail preparation, eight shrimp in four litres and filtered river water replaced weekly, which the discussion says helped provide food; no formulated-food baseline was described. Reported zero mortality does not establish dietary adequacy because growth, condition, molting, reproduction and health were not measured. The paper switches between Typha angustifolia and Typha orientalis in treatment text and figure material, gives conflicting one-week versus one-to-two-day animal holding descriptions, does not report random allocation, lacks an obvious sham-mesh control, and does not reconcile destructive harvest with repeated-measures analysis. It also labels P values above 0.05 through 0.10 as biologically significant but noisy. The result does not recommend cattail, catappa or alder, establish a ration or replacement interval, prove a complete diet, or promise home-aquarium water safety.
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Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Włodarczyk et al., 2019. PeerJ 7: e7399.
Source taxon as published: Adult Neocaridina davidi obtained from local shrimp breeders
Study shape: Non-starved controls were compared with adults deprived of feed for 14 days and with groups re-fed for 4, 7 or 14 days after the same deprivation. DHE flow cytometry and confocal imaging assessed reactive-oxygen signals, immunofluorescence assessed MnSOD and a control-tissue western blot checked antibody specificity.
Experimental unit: Shrimp were isolated individually, but Table 1 lists 24 animals per flow-cytometry group and four per confocal method while the statistical section says assays used 5 to 6 samples in duplicate; the animal-to-assay sample mapping and any pooling are not fully reported
Environment: Adults were held in one 40-litre laboratory tank at 21 C, pH 7 and 10 dH, then isolated in shaded 250 mL containers with algae suppressed, excrement removed and 10 percent of the water replaced daily
Endpoints: percentage of DHE-labelled ROS-positive cells, qualitative tissue DHE signal, qualitative MnSOD immunofluorescence, antibody-specificity western blot.
What it can support: Under the tested algae-suppressed conditions, 14 days without feed increased the reported mean ROS-positive cell fraction from 2.8 to 13.2 percent in the hepatopancreas and from 1.3 to 12.7 percent in the intestine. Reported values declined toward control levels after 7 to 14 days of re-feeding, alongside weaker MnSOD immunofluorescence.
What it cannot support: The study tested one 14-day deprivation, not a weekly fast, and measured dissected-cell oxidative-stress markers rather than a survival, growth, molting, behaviour, reproduction or longevity benefit. Its isolated 250 mL containers deliberately suppressed algae and do not represent a conditioned community aquarium. Random allocation and blinding were not reported, sex was omitted from the analysis, assay sample mapping is incomplete, MnSOD treatment differences were not quantitatively measured, and the table, figure and statistical-method descriptions make the comparison-letter interpretation ambiguous. It cannot establish that routine fasting is beneficial, that missing one normal feeding is harmful, that biofilm is adequate, or that a specific re-feeding schedule is safe.
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Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Włodarczyk, Student and Rost-Roszkowska, 2019. Canadian Journal of Zoology 97(4): 294-303.
Source taxon as published: Adult male and female Neocaridina davidi obtained from local shrimp breeders
Study shape: Adults were deprived of feed for 7, 14 or 21 days, and subsets were re-fed for 4, 7 or 14 days. TEM, TUNEL, LysoTracker and caspase-3 methods assessed intestine and hepatopancreas cells. Non-starved reference values and images were imported from a 2016 paper rather than produced as a concurrent control group.
Experimental unit: Shrimp were isolated individually, but Table 1 lists 10 TEM animals and 8 animals for each confocal method in most groups while quantitative Tables 2 and 3 report n = 5; animal reuse, pooling and the cell-to-animal analysis hierarchy are not resolved
Environment: Adults came from one 40-litre laboratory tank at 21 C, pH 7 and printed total hardness of 10 degrees d, then were isolated in shaded 250 mL containers with algae suppressed, excrement and exuviae removed and 10 percent of the water replaced daily
Endpoints: midgut cell ultrastructure, autophagosome-bearing cell percentage, TUNEL-labelled cell percentage, qualitative LysoTracker signal, qualitative caspase-3 signal, unquantified mortality during 21-day deprivation.
What it can support: Within this linked laboratory series, 7 and 14 days without feed were associated with more reported autophagosome-bearing midgut cells, and tissue descriptions after 14 days included fewer organelles and less reserve material. After re-feeding, qualitative tissue structure and the reported cellular markers moved toward the earlier non-starved reference.
What it cannot support: This paper reused the prior experimental procedure and imported its non-starved controls, so it is not independent replication and does not provide a concurrent baseline. Most animals deprived for 21 days reportedly died, but mortality counts, timing and survival analysis were absent; the paper says that group was not quantitatively analyzed even though Table 1 lists post-21-day TEM specimens. Re-feeding food amount, frequency and intake were not reported. Table 1 animal counts conflict with the n = 5 quantitative tables, the nested cell and animal hierarchy is unclear, random allocation and blinding were not reported, and the t tests omit comparison pairs, assumptions, exact p values and multiplicity handling. Table 3 prints zero means with positive standard deviations for nonnegative percentages, which is internally impossible. Caspase-3 and LysoTracker results were qualitative, marker validation was limited, and the TUNEL threshold was described as arbitrary. The study measured no growth, molting, behaviour, reproduction, longevity or whole-animal recovery and cannot establish a routine fast, safe missed-feeding interval, re-feeding recipe, home diagnosis or health benefit.
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Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Namaei Kohal et al., 2018. Journal of Applied Phycology 30: 431-443.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: Six formulated diets containing 0, 1, 3, 5, 8 or 10 percent Arthrospira meal were assigned to three aquaria each. Diets were approximately equal in protein and energy because Arthrospira replaced part of the fish meal; shrimp received 3 percent of wet biomass daily in three feedings and females were followed through eight spawning events.
Experimental unit: Aquarium, with three aquaria per diet; the independent incubation unit for detached eggs is not clearly described
Environment: Eighteen aerated aquaria at 26 to 28 C and pH 7.0 to 7.2 across an 11-month feeding trial, with complete water replacement every 10 days
Endpoints: weight and length growth, feed conversion ratio, survival, whole-body composition, time to maturity, inter-spawning interval, egg production, relative and actual fecundity, hatching percentage, hatchling length.
What it can support: Under this exact formulated-diet protocol, several growth, female-survival and reproductive measures were higher at 8 or 10 percent Arthrospira meal than in the control, while the reported relative-fecundity advantage declined after the sixth spawning.
What it cannot support: The percentages describe dry-diet formulation, not an aquarium dose or addition to a finished food. Arthrospira replaced fish meal, control female survival was only 25.7 percent after 11 months, eggs were detached and artificially incubated, and incubation replication is unclear. The study does not establish a universal 8 to 10 percent recipe or validate a current commercial product.
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Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Groendahl and Fink, 2017. Scientific Reports 7: 44869.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi within a three-grazer freshwater model
Study shape: One to three grazer species were assigned to defined algal communities for three days, then grazer richness and phosphorus were combined in a one-week factorial experiment.
Experimental unit: Three-hundred-millilitre flask, with six to eight usable replicates depending on comparison
Environment: Laboratory flasks containing defined green-algal communities at 20 C
Endpoints: algal cell count, algal biovolume, algal species richness, algal diversity and evenness.
What it can support: Neocaridina davidi reduced several tested algae and showed a relative preference for Closterium moniliferum in the three-day model.
What it cannot support: The defined short flask experiment does not establish hair-algae control, a cleaning rate, a complete diet or whole-aquarium nutrient export.
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Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Sonakowska et al., 2017. PLOS ONE 12(3): e0173563.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: Midgut cell and mitochondrial responses were compared through starvation and refeeding periods.
Experimental unit: Animal and prepared midgut tissue
Environment: Laboratory starvation and refeeding experiment with tissue analysis
Endpoints: cell structure, mitochondrial potential, regeneration after refeeding.
What it can support: Starvation and refeeding changed method-confirmed midgut cell outcomes.
What it cannot support: It does not establish a routine fast, nutritional adequacy, a safe missed-feeding duration or a diagnosis from appearance.
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Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Bingol, Turkmen and Karadal, 2016. Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 33(3): 217-222.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina denticulata, identified by the paper as red cherry shrimp of Taiwan origin
Study shape: Four branded feeds were assigned to three aquaria each, with 30 shrimp per aquarium; shrimp were fed to satiation twice daily and measured every 15 days.
Experimental unit: The 50-litre aquarium, with three aquaria per feed
Environment: Twelve 50-litre aquaria at 26.5 C under a 14-hour light and 10-hour dark cycle for 16 weeks
Endpoints: survival, body weight, total length, carapace length.
What it can support: Final weight, total length and survival patterns differed among the four tested products under this protocol, with the Spirulina granule group highest and the pond-stick group lowest for those reported means.
What it cannot support: The products differed in physical form and formulation, feeding was to satiation and the statistical methods do not clearly state whether aquarium means were the analysis unit. The study does not isolate a Spirulina effect, establish a pellet count or compare current products.
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Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Weber and Traunspurger, 2016. Limnologica 59: 155-161.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: Shrimp and comparison microcosms were sampled repeatedly, followed by endpoint stomach-content examination of 40 shrimp.
Experimental unit: Model ecosystem for community effects and individual stomach for content observations
Environment: Forty-two-day freshwater model ecosystems with repeated community sampling
Endpoints: meiofaunal density, biomass, secondary production, community structure, stomach contents.
What it can support: Shrimp changed measured meiofaunal assemblages, and stomachs contained detritus, algae and several meiofaunal groups.
What it cannot support: The study did not test fish feces, aquarium sanitation, nutrient export, named pest danger or a whole-tank algae-clearance rate.
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System observation or method study
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Cheung et al., 2015. Marine Biotechnology 17(6): 811-819.
Source taxon as published: Laboratory red-patched Neocaridina denticulata denticulata linked to the Kenny et al. stock; the commercial foundation stock had no reported voucher, morphology or molecular host-identification method
Study shape: Three adult females at each of three visually assigned ovarian stages were sampled cross-sectionally. Foregut, intestine including midgut and hindgut, and hepatopancreas were dissected from every female, producing 27 individually sequenced 16S V1-V3 libraries. PCR reactions were run in triplicate and pooled within each library. Ion Torrent reads were processed in QIIME 1.8, clustered into 97 percent OTUs, assigned against Greengenes at 0.5 confidence, rarefied to 14,000 reads and compared with alpha-diversity indices, UniFrac PCoA and UPGMA trees.
Experimental unit: Individual female for ovarian-stage comparisons, with three females per stage and three linked tissue libraries per female. Triplicate PCR reactions were technical replicates pooled within a library, not additional animals. The paper did not report a repeated-measures model for tissues from the same female.
Environment: Adult females from a multigeneration recirculating freshwater laboratory stock at approximately 25 C; all were starved for two days before dissection
Endpoints: quality-filtered 16S read count, 97 percent OTU richness, Chao1 richness, Shannon diversity, phylogenetic diversity, weighted and unweighted UniFrac clustering, relative read abundance by bacterial taxon, SRA accession SRR1735538.
What it can support: Within this nine-female stock after two days of starvation, early-stage foregut and intestine libraries had lower reported alpha diversity than later-stage libraries, hepatopancreas libraries generally differed from gut libraries, and more than 80 percent of early-stage gut reads were assigned to one Coxiella-type OTU. The study provides a public 16S survey associated with tissue region and visually assigned ovarian stage.
What it cannot support: This was a small cross-sectional association, not the same females followed through ovarian development and not an assigned microbiota or reproductive treatment. Stage could be confounded with age, time, individual and egg-carrying status. Relative read abundance is compositional and does not measure absolute bacterial load, prevalence among shrimp or colonization. A short 16S Coxiella-type assignment at a low classification threshold is not a species or strain identification, Coxiella burnetii diagnosis, cultured isolate, pathogen finding or probiotic. The paper reported t tests without specifying exact contrasts, pairing, tails, variance handling, test statistics, degrees of freedom or multiplicity correction, and reported no formal group-level beta-diversity test. No extraction blank, PCR negative control, mock community, random selection or blinding was described. The paper did not test bacterial function, microbial transfer, probiotic or antibiotic exposure, fertility, spawning, hatch, offspring, growth, survival, disease, immune response, feed treatment or normal fed-tank baseline. It cannot show that microbes cause ovarian maturation, that maturation causes the microbiota difference or that changing aquarium bacteria improves breeding or health.
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Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Pantaleão et al., 2015. Journal of Crustacean Biology 35(5): 676-681.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: Early stages received defined starvation and refeeding sequences.
Experimental unit: Culture vessel within feeding treatment
Environment: Laboratory starvation and refeeding experiment
Endpoints: survival, point of no return, recovery after feeding.
What it can support: Early life stages differed in nutritional vulnerability under the tested sequences.
What it cannot support: A starvation endpoint is not a recommended fasting interval, proof of adequate biofilm or a home feeding schedule.
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Morphology or taxonomy
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Sonakowska et al., 2015. PLOS ONE 10(5): e0126900.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina heteropoda
Study shape: Digestive structures were examined with microtomography, light microscopy and electron microscopy.
Experimental unit: Prepared animal and tissue specimen
Environment: Laboratory microscopy and microtomography
Endpoints: intestine structure, hepatopancreas structure, cell ultrastructure.
What it can support: Method-confirmed internal digestive anatomy in the source taxon.
What it cannot support: An ordinary tank photograph cannot identify these internal organs, function or disease from colour alone.
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Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Tropea and López Greco, 2015. The Biological Bulletin 229(3): 243-254.
Source taxon as published: Neocaridina davidi
Study shape: Female condition, eggs and offspring were measured across five or six consecutive spawns and compared with non-reproducing females where relevant.
Experimental unit: Individual female or spawn, with offspring followed under the study protocol
Environment: Laboratory culture following females, eggs and offspring across repeated spawnings
Endpoints: eggs per spawn, egg biochemical composition, hatchlings, hatchling size, juvenile growth, female energy and mass.
What it can support: Later spawns had lower egg lipid and energy measures, and reproduction was associated with lower female energy and body mass under the protocol.
What it cannot support: It does not show that every later brood is inferior, diagnose poor care from female size or create a universal brood limit.
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Controlled experiment
Direct Neocaridina evidence
Wang et al., 2010. Israeli Journal of Aquaculture - Bamidgeh 62(2): 78-84.
Source taxon as published: Wild-collected Neocaridina heteropoda from Baiyangdian Lake; no diagnostic identification method reported
Study shape: Nine hundred shrimp were assigned at 50 per tank to six manganese-sulfate supplementation levels, with three tanks per diet. The measured complete-diet manganese concentrations were 2.79, 22.57, 42.55, 62.69, 82.59 and 102.45 micrograms per gram. Shrimp received feed at a stated daily rate of 5 percent body weight for 30 days.
Experimental unit: Tank for the six assigned diets, with three tanks per diet in one shared-water recirculating system. Figure 1 reports n = 6 for biochemical assays, but the paper does not map those samples or pooled hemolymph back to individual shrimp and tank replicates or state whether tank entered the analysis.
Environment: Thirty-day freshwater recirculating-system feeding experiment at 25 +/- 1 C and pH 8.0, with all tanks connected to one reservoir and reported water manganese of 1.00 +/- 0.02 micrograms per litre in the abstract but micrograms per gram in the methods
Endpoints: percentage length gain, percentage weight gain, hemolymph superoxide-anion assay, muscle SOD activity, muscle GPX activity, muscle CAT activity.
What it can support: Under this complete-feed formulation and 30-day system, every manganese-supplemented group had higher reported length and weight gain than the 2.79-microgram-per-gram control diet. The 62.69-microgram-per-gram measured diet had the highest reported growth percentages and antioxidant-enzyme activities and the lowest reported superoxide-anion assay value.
What it cannot support: The experiment does not establish a universal dietary requirement or deficiency threshold. The control was not manganese-free, the basal mineral premix already listed manganese sulfate, and the diets differed only within one formulation and short culture history. The paper reports neither starting-to-ending size values nor a growth formula, feed intake, feed conversion, survival, tissue manganese, deficiency signs, molting, reproduction or long-term safety. Wild-source identity, sex and life stage were not resolved. Sample-to-tank mapping for the n = 6 biochemical results and pooled hemolymph is unclear, and the water manganese unit conflicts between abstract and methods. A peak response at one tested concentration without dose-response modeling does not validate adding manganese to aquarium water, mixing a supplement into finished food or using antioxidant-enzyme activity as proof of better health.
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